Economic Statistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Monetary Statistics - Research Paper Example The presence of autocorrelation in our estimation is resolved utilizing the Durbin Watson test and the Breusch Godfrey test to check for first request relationship. Autocorrelation anyway has its own cures and one of the cures includes time slacking factors otherwise called general least square strategy, this technique includes supplanting of the model with the sequentially associated mistake term with a model with a sequentially free blunder term. Estimation of the model one LGDPt = 1 + 2LXt + 3LFDIt + 4LDIt+5INF includes the utilization of the information for the period 1970 to 2002 in regards to the UK economy, estimation of the above model utilizing Eviews had the accompanying outcomes: From the consequences of the connection of assurance R squared which is equivalent to 0.99229 we can infer that 99.22% of varieties in LGDP are clarified by the autonomous factors, this shows a solid connection between the ward and the free factors. From the outcomes on the off chance that we hold every other factor consistent and the degree of LX, LFDI, LDI and INF are equivalent to zero then the degree of LGDP will be equivalent to 11.158 which is additionally our self-ruling worth, we can clarify the coefficient of the log of fares by expressing that on the off chance that we hold every other factor steady and increment the degree of LX by one unit then the degree of LGDP will increment by 0.366704 units, likewise on the off chance that we hold every other factor consistent and increment the degree of LFDI by one unit then the degree of LGDP will diminish by 0.006544 units. In the event that we likewise hold the various variables steady and increment the degree of LDI by one unit then the degree of LGDP will increment by 0.265253 units, at long last in the event that we hold all elements consistent and increment the degree of INF by one unit then the degree of LGDP will decrease by 0.00131. Having clarified the coefficients of the evaluated model we can presume that on the off chance that we increment the degree of fares and local speculation, at that point the degree of total national output will increment, then again an expansion in the degree of swelling and remote direct venture will decrease the degree of gross household creation. Measurable noteworthiness: Our evaluated coefficients might be measurably noteworthy of factually irrelevant, thus there is a need to attempt speculation test to decide their essentialness in the model, a two tail T test at 95% degree of test demonstrated the accompanying outcomes: 95% TEST LEVEL VARIABLE coefficient invalid theory elective theory T determined T basic dismiss or acknowledge invalid C B1 B1=0 B10 14.3179 2.04841 REJECT INF B2 B2=0 B20 - 1.459259 2.04841 Acknowledge LDI B3 B3=0 B30 5.183639 2.04841 REJECT LFDI B4 B4=0 B40 - 1.010641 2.04841 Acknowledge LX B5 B5=0 B50 13.04894 2.04841 REJECT From the above trial of speculation it is clear

US History and Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

US History and Government - Essay Example In 1990, American ladies would just cast a ballot in four Western States (Merchant, Gratton, and Gutmann 703). Be that as it may, toward the century's end ladies could cast a ballot in all the States in U.S. with a considerable lot of them escalating their inclusion in legislative issues. Correspondingly, Merchant and his partners record that solitary six percent ladies were in the paid work power in the United States (705). At the zenith of the twentieth century, around sixty-four percent of ladies were in the paid work power. Further, in 1900, ladies represented one percent of legal advisors and six percent of specialists, rates that rose considerably to twenty-nine percent and twenty-six percent individually. For ladies who strived for autonomy, this was a wonderful advance as they continued looking for political and social opportunity. During the twentieth century, family unit pay of underestimated gatherings, for example, the African Americans improved (Steele 756). As recorded by Steele the hole in profit between the minimized Black Americans and Whites diminished (757). In the center and on the beginning of twentieth century, blacks scarcely earned 40% of white’s wages while, toward the century's end, they got 80% of what Whites earned. As these components of separation won, the young from the two partitions of segregation endured as the political specialists ignored their cooperation in the political field and the activity advertise. Above all, as Trujillo takes note of, the young people from the racial minority bunches confronted strengthened resistance in the earth 1999s when contrasted with the White kids (81). The components that added to the upset of the social and political status of underestimated bunches in the twentieth century were significantly administrative in nature. The nineteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, ensured women’s rights to cast a ballot. Trujillo perceives political change as a basic achievement in the

Helpful List of Evaluation Essay Topics

Helpful List of Evaluation Essay Topics Writing an evaluation paper is an effective way to size up any specific idea or object. This academic assignment sets specific evaluation criteria, thus giving solid and fair supporting evidence to let readers form their opinions about a particular subject. Its basic purpose is to demonstrate the overall quality of a specific place, product, or any other subject that you choose. Although any evaluation should involve stating an opinion in some form, it shouldn’t appear opinionated to earn better grades. Ensure that your evaluation essay is unbiased and reasoned. Intro Writing a good evaluation essay is just like rating or reviewing something, including any movie, book, music, idea, action, and so on. This means that you need to base your evaluation on specific criteria that you choose for a given issue. It’s necessary to organize your piece of writing based on your judgement. When taking any stance, make your point of view clear while supporting it with strong evidence. What to describe in essay? To write the best evaluation essay, you need to establish fair and clear judgments, criteria, and evidence. Criteria are all about establishing the ideal for a chosen place, product, or any other subject. Demonstrate what people should expect as the best outline. If you have clear criteria, it becomes possible to keep your evaluation from being just your personal opinion. For example, when evaluating a local restaurant, established specific criteria, such as the quality of food, prices, services, cleanliness, and others, which all good restaurants must adhere to. After that, you need to apply these criteria to the chosen one. Any judgment is your establishment of whether specific criteria are met or not. For instance, if the first factor that you use to evaluate a restaurant is its quality of food, your judgment should state if it offers the meals that exceed or meet it. Evident is the details that you give to support your judgment. If you state that a specific restaurant fails to offer a good quality of food consistently, it’s necessary to support this statement with strong evidence and show how your judgment is reached. In general, each paragraph of your evaluation essay will focus only on one factor, which you should fully explain, follow by a judgment, and offer solid proofs as its support. That’s why every evaluation paper must contain different judgments, criteria, and evidence. Don’t forget to offer an overall thesis. When writing an evaluation essay, this statement is your overall evaluation of everything that you decide to evaluate. If all of your judgments, criteria, and proofs are clear, you’ll likely to end up with a strong thesis. As an example, if a specific restaurant meets many requirements laid out by you, its overall evaluation is quite likely to be positive. If many requirements aren’t met, its evaluation is negative. Consider useful examples of evaluation essay topics to understand what to write about in this paper. Reference on how to write evaluation essay There are certain steps that should be taken to write a perfect evaluation essay. Before you start writing the first draft, you should think about good evaluation essay topics and choose the side that you will take. Determine whether you like or dislike something, agree or disagree. Next, do your research on potential evaluation essay topic ideas and make your opinion clear. Justify your major argument that will be stated in a thesis. Be sure to gather enough information to support the chosen standpoint. Your clear opinion should be laid out with supporting information to validate it effectively. If you’re asked by teachers to evaluate a specific article or book, look for relevant evaluation essay topics examples and read related materials first. It’s necessary to examine them before making any clear judgment. This simple tip can help you make any standpoint clear to readers. Feel free to create a detailed outline to end up with a better clarification of your evaluation essay. Start writing it by stating a strong thesis in the introductory paragraph. This is where you also need to introduce a given subject under evaluation before providing some background information to catch readers’ interest. Present strong evidence to support a thesis in the main body of your evaluation essay. After determining the key criteria of your subject, you need to support it by using interesting quotes, facts, anecdotes, or stats. Start every paragraph with a separate topic sentence, but ensure that it links back to a thesis statement. Evaluate both sides of the chosen subject to avoid making your evaluation essay sound biased. Its tone should always remain reasonable too. A concluding paragraph should wrap up all supporting arguments and your standpoint while leaving readers with something important to think about. End your evaluation essay by appealing to the audience that your opinion is right in such a way as proving that you’ve clearly understood relevant materials. Finally, you need to proofread your work for all kinds of grammar and spelling mistakes. Don’t forget to check a final draft for its flow and transitions. Essay samples for inspiration Browse the Internet for interesting ideas for evaluation essay topics if you lack the inspiration necessary to get started. Samples and examples will help you choose a good flow and guide your writing into the right direction. Tips for writing Find easy evaluation essay topics that you want to write about. You need to know your chosen subject well because you will make a valuable judgement based on specific criteria. Formulate a strong thesis statement by mentioning the overall purpose of your paper. State it clearly and give the right direction to your writing that will let you distinguish between different criteria and pick suitable examples. Your thesis should state a value or its lack. Consider the criteria that you will use in your evaluation essay to make a clear judgment. It’s hard to evaluate anything at once, so you should select a few points of interest to simplify this process. Find strong supporting evidence to prove your stance too. A list of topics for evaluation essay writing Check these fun evaluation essay topics if you feel confused when deciding on a good subject: The performance of a specific team during the championship compared to the one expected by experts; The popularity of android games today compared to PC games among teens; The content of a particular TV program and whether it’s good or bad for a given age group to watch it; Water resources in the world and their use; The experience of watching any sport match at home compared to the one at a bar; Evaluating the trend of junk or fast food; Evaluating technological advancements over the last decade; Evaluating stress relieving herbs and different sedatives. How to choose a right topic? When choosing the best topic for your next evaluation essay, you need to focus on a particular issue, product, or anything else. In other words, you’re expected to evaluate a specific class instead of evaluating a range of similar classes. When looking for suitable evaluation essay topics for college students, pay attention to the ideas that you know because it will help you save time while increasing a chance of writing a good paper. That’s because a familiar subject makes it much easier to establish appropriate, judgements, proofs, and evaluation criteria. Your chosen topic can be something you experienced in the past. There are many available options to choose from. Remember that you will write a better evaluation essay if you: Have your strong point of view on this topic, no matter if it’s negative or positive; Pick something that you experienced in the past or that you can easily review about writing the first draft; Know a lot about the chosen type of experience. Conclusion Writing a winning evaluation essay is just like filling out a detailed survey form to rate different things. It’s all about determining how you feel about a specific thing or matter. This academic assignment is similar to writing about your opinion on a given topic. Keep in mind that strong evidence is always needed to maintain a powerful standpoint. To understand how to write a successful evaluation essay and earn high grades, all you need to do is to follow the above-mentioned guidelines because they simplify everything. If you fail to write a good evaluation paper or don’t know how to get stated for any reason, you shouldn’t panic because there’s an effective way out. Consider the high-quality custom paper writing services offered by our competent and qualified specialists. If you have any questions or concerns, contact our customer support team willing to respond you 24 hours per day. We are there to help you pick suitable topic ideas for your evaluation essay, create an effective outline, structure all paragraphs correctly, and do other things to ensure your academic success. You can also benefit from efficient evaluation essay editing and proofreading solutions offered by talented professionals online.

The History and Domestication of Cassava

Cassava (Manihot esculenta), also known as manioc, tapioca, yuca, and mandioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, a root crop originally domesticated perhaps as long ago as 8,000–10,000 years ago, in southern Brazil and eastern Bolivia along the southwestern border of the Amazon basin. Cassava is today a primary calorie source in tropical regions around the world, and the sixth most important crop plant worldwide. Fast Facts: Cassava Domestication Cassava, commonly called manioc or tapioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, and the sixth most important food crop in the world.  It was domesticated in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil and Bolivia some 8,000-10,000 years ago.  Domesticate improvements include traits which must have been added by means of clonal propagation.  Burned tubers of manioc were discovered at the classic Maya site of Ceren, dated to 600 CE.   Cassava Progenitors The progenitor of cassava (M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia) exists today and is adapted to forest and savanna ecotones. The process of domestication improved the size and production level of its tubers, and increased the photosynthesis rate and seed functionality, by using repeated cycles of clonal propagation—wild manioc cannot be reproduced by stem cuttings. Archaeological macro-botanical evidence of cassava in the little-investigated Amazon basin has not been identified, partly because root crops do not preserve well. Identification of the Amazon as the point of origin was based on genetic studies of cultivated cassava and all various possible progenitors, and the Amazonian M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia was determined to be the wild form of todays cassava plant. Amazon Evidence: The Teotonio Site The oldest archaeological evidence for manioc domestication is from starches and pollen grains from sites outside the Amazon.  In 2018, archaeologist Jennifer Watling and colleagues reported the presence of manioc phytoliths attached to stone tools at the southwestern Amazon Teotonio site in Brazil very near the Bolivian border. The phytoliths were found in a level of dark earth (terra preta) dated to 6,000 calendar years ago (cal BP), 3,500 years older than any terra preta anywhere else in the Amazon to date. The manioc at Teotonio was found alongside domesticated squash (Cucurbita sp), beans (Phaseolus), and guava (Psidium), indicating that the inhabitants were early horticulturalists in what is becoming recognized as an Amazonian center of domestication. Cassava Species Around the World Cassava (Manihot esculenta), root and ground for dinner.   Rodrigo Ruiz Ciancia / Moment / Getty Images Cassava starches have been identified in north-central Colombia by approximately 7,500 years ago, and in Panama at Aguadulce Shelter, about 6,900 years ago. Pollen grains from cultivated cassava have been found in archaeological sites in Belize and Mexicos Gulf coast by 5,800–4,500 bp, and in Puerto Rico between 3,300 and 2,900 years ago. Thus, scholars can safely say that the domestication in the Amazon had to happen before 7,500 years ago. There are numerous cassava and manioc species in the world today, and researchers still struggle with their differentiation, but recent research supports the notion that they are all descended from a single domestication event in the Amazon basin. Domestic manioc has larger and more roots and increased tannin content in the leaves. Traditionally, manioc is grown in the field-and-fallow cycles of slash and burn agriculture, where its flowers are pollinated by insects and its seeds dispersed by ants. Manioc and the Maya The Pompeii of North America, Joya de Ceren, was buried in a volcanic eruption in August 595 CE. Ed Nellis Members of the Maya civilization cultivated the root crop and it may have been a staple in some parts of the Maya world. Manioc pollen has been discovered in the Maya region by the late Archaic period, and most of the Maya groups studied in the 20th century were found to cultivate manioc in their fields. The excavations at Ceren, a classic period Maya village that was destroyed (and preserved) by a volcanic eruption, identified manioc plants within the kitchen gardens. Manioc planting beds were discovered some 550 feet (170 meters) away from the village. The manioc beds at Ceren date to approximately 600 CE. They consist of ridged fields, with the tubers planted on the top of the ridges and water allowed to drain and flow through the wales between the ridges (called calles). Archaeologists discovered five manioc tubers in the field which had been missed during harvesting. Stalks of manioc bushes had been cut into 3–5 foot (1–1.5 meter) lengths and buried horizontally in the beds shortly before the eruption: these represent preparation for the next crop. The eruption occurred in August of 595 CE, burying the field in nearly 10 ft (3 m) of volcanic ash. Sources Brown, Cecil H., et al. The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Manioc (Manihot esculenta). Ethnobiology Letters 4 (2013): 61–70. Print.Clement, Charles R., et al. The Domestication of Amazonia before European Conquest. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282.1812 (2015): 20150813. Print.De Matos Viegas, Susana. Pleasures That Differentiate: Transformational Bodies among the Tupinambà ¡ of Olivenà §a (Atlantic Coast, Brazil). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18.3 (2012): 536–53. Print.Fraser, James, et al. Crop Diversity on Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia. Human Ecology 39.4 (2011): 395–406. Print.Isendahl, Christian. The Domestication and Early Spread of Manioc ( Manihot Esculenta Crantz): A Brief Synthesis. Latin American Antiquity 22.4 (2011): 452–68. Print.Kawa, Nicholas C., Christopher McCarty, and Charles R. Clement. Manioc Varietal Diversity, Social Networks, and Distribution Constraints in Rural Ama zonia. Current Anthropology 54.6 (2013): 764–70. Print.Sheets, Payson, et al. Manioc Cultivation at Ceren, El Salvador: Occasional Kitchen Garden Plant or Staple Crop? Ancient Mesoamerica 22.01 (2011): 1–11. Print.Watling, Jennifer, et al. Direct Archaeological Evidence for Southwestern Amazonia as an Early Plant Domestication and Food Production Centre. PLOS ONE 13.7 (2018): e0199868. Print.

The Effects Of Poverty On The Health Of Populations Essay

The Significance of Poverty Poverty plays a big role in determining how well a person will live. Poverty affects almost half the world, in which over three billion of the world population â€Å"live on less than $2.50 a day† (Shah, 2013). Even if the $2.50 was exchanged to the currency rate of a given country, the amount will not be sufficient to live on. Poverty is so detrimental that â€Å"22,000 children under five still die each day† (UNICEF, 2010). Living in poverty reduces the quality of life to almost nothing, which no human being should ever have to experience. Compared to adults, children are most affected by poverty because they are more fragile. Poverty causes many deaths which will decrease the world population. Children are the future in this world. If more children begin to die from poverty, then there will be no future for the human race. Causes and Impacts of Poverty on the Health of Populations National Debt Many third world countries have massive debt due to loans from international financial institutions such as World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The loans that these countries make are supposed to help them reduce their debt, but in some cases, they do not. According to Jubilee Debt Campaign, a charity who focuses on the liberation of poverty in third world countries by advancing education, â€Å"for every $1 received in grant aid, low income countries way $2.30 in debt service†. The extra $1.30 charge for the debt service can potentially put a country into debtShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Living Of A Rural Area On Health929 Words   |  4 Pages Effects of Living in a Rural Area on Health Bri Essman Denver School of Nursing Cohort B â€Æ' Effects of living in a Rural Area on Health Much of our population will be faced with a health disparity at some point in their lifetime. A health disparity can be defended as a â€Å"differences in the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality and burden of diseases and other adverse health care conditions that exist among specific population groups in the United States,† as stated by the National InstitutesRead MoreNegative Effect of Overpopulation.1365 Words   |  6 PagesTHE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF POPULATION GROWTH Some observers attribute nearly all of the world s maladies to excessive population growth. They claim that rapid population growth has at least three adverse effects on human well-being. First, it increases poverty--the number of people that are impoverished, the proportion of the community that is impoverished, and the severity of the impoverishment. Second, it increases environmental degradation--the misuse of natural resources--with adverse consequencesRead MorePoverty is the Worst Form of Violence Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagesluxury of living† (Bartas). 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Because children are dependent on others, they enter or avoid poverty by virtue of their family s economic circumstances. ChildrenRead MoreWhat We Have Learned From Our Readings Provided By The Population Reference Bureau719 Words   |  3 Pagesreadings provided by the Population Reference Bureau. 1) In your own words (cite where the ideas are from), explain the trends in the world population over the last two centuries and tell us how and why life expectancy, family planning and poverty issues are related to the population trends we have seen. It took many thousands of years for the world to reach 1 billion people but in the last 200 years that number has become 7 times bigger and continues to increase. The population growth has slow downRead MorePoverty : A Economic Disparity Between The Rich And Poor1361 Words   |  6 Pagesamount of the population who live well and fruitful, but more than 20 percent of the population lives in crippling poverty (Baker, 2013). 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Problems of Cultural Development in Kazakhstan Could Be Solved Free Essays

Problems of cultural development in Kazakhstan could be solved Outline Title: Problems of cultural development in Kazakhstan could be solved IIntroduction Thesis statement: Due to decline of the cultural development in Kazakhstan the government and the society should take definite and urgent measures to improve the situation. II Background of the Problem A. History 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems of Cultural Development in Kazakhstan Could Be Solved or any similar topic only for you Order Now Legacy of ancestors 2. Some achievements of Kazakhstan III The first possible solution is to raise the intellectual development. A. Advantages: 1. Young people’s background knowledge 2. Educating achievements in domestic and world culture 3. Receiving modern educational equipment. B. Disadvantages: 1. Financial difficulties 2. Organizational problems IV The second possible solution is to increase cultural valuables and saving cultural heritage for future generations. A. Advantages: 1. Discovering new talents 2. Support from government B. Disadvantages: 1. Cost 2. Commercialization V The third possible solution is to creating conditions for receiving general and special education. A. Advantages 1. More possibilities 2. More educated children B. Disadvantages 1. Costly 2. Time VI Conclusion-Recommendation Even though the government has to invest money in educational process, the last solution is the best because it has the advantages of the other alternatives without major disadvantages. Therefore, I recommend that the Kazakh society should keep in mind that the important strategic objective is to preserve the traditions of the Kazakh culture for future generations and increasing the cultural values of the city. In the meantime, I suggest the government immediately take the measures by supporting the society and creating new opportunities to develop the ulture of Kazakhstan. By being responsive to the citizens, government in essence would try to unite with them for the success of their purpose to raise the cultural development of the country. The total well being and lifestyle potential of population in many cases determined by stage to train and learning and social stage of people, their background knowledge and perspective growth, and by available opportunity to receive and use required information. These factors determine whether city community is involved in local, national and international process of civil growth. Ways to train and learning, ethical concepts and useful accessibility are the main features of religious and possible development. Thus, development of viewpoint system to train and learning, social and useful growth are the most important in growth of country. Due to decline of the cultural development in Kazakhstan the government and the society should take definite and urgent measures to improve the situation. â€Å"One of the main success of the period of freedom is rebirth and further growth of the Kazakh lifestyle and the societies and customs of social categories existing in Kazakhstan. The growth of the Kazakh lifestyle promote socio-cultural and ethical regrowth of community as a whole, as well as growth of social categories located in Kazakhstan, the building up of worldwide interaction. In the years of freedom have created a multitude of cultural and social facilities, art groups.. †(Kornilov,2011). Exclusive lifestyle and unique spirit of understanding and information of life which were provided to us as a heritage of this wide area of Kazakhstan by our ancestors. This sense of independence and valor of the steppe was not lost on different periods of history, it andled to keep by the past generation, who have been through tragic obstacles. And hundreds of years of desires and ambitions of our forefathers came real. Kazakh community believes that, Kazakhstan becoming a birthplace of many projects in the area of lifestyle and artistry. â€Å"For example, learners of Almaty Choreographic University confirmed their abilities in the United States and Switzerl and, the Korean National Music and Drama Theatre took part in an worldwide ethnic event in the Republic of Korea, and numerous activities were organized in other countries, devoted to the performs of Abai. †(Kornilov,2011). Although â€Å"Kazakhstan finalized the contracts on cooperation in the area of lifestyle from 49 nations of the near and far overseas. †(Kornilov, 2011). However, Kazakhstan has many issues to fix, especially worried social growth. Despite that fact that while preserving kazakh heritage, Republic of Kazakhstan shows keeping with the speed of contemporary high culture and to kazakh art employees praised most of all judges all over the world, the present younger people only just taking the first actions to achieve success praising their native country in the future. The first possible solution is to raise the intellectual development by advertising the books, articles, journals etc. , if to be exact-to make them fashionable. The main way of upbringing the population, particularly children, adolescents and young people, striving for intellectual development is the formation of a unified and accessible to every citizen of the educational space of the city, providing technological, logistical and financial resources, promoting libraries and book stores creating conditions for the citizens of modern education in accordance with their needs. The greatest advantage of his solution is that young people’s background knowledge may become improved and wide because of new technologies and free access area created. Another advantage of raising the intellectual development is mastering achievements in domestic and world culture. By this, I mean that citizens of Kazakhstan seem to pay more attention on what have been reached on cultural level, especially domestic. The last advantage of this solution is that young people of Republic of Kazakhstan could receive modern educational equipment like hi-tech libraries, free access internet resources etc. These ducational tools are likely to help young generation achieve more success in their studies. The greatest disadvantage of the first solution would be financial difficulties that government or Kazakh society could ever face. Another disadvantage have occurred because of the difficulties of the organizational process, to be exact, the establishing the cultural events and hiring workforce. One of the suggested solutions is to increase cultural valuables and saving cultural heritage for future generations. For example, observe the monuments and memorial s, decrease the price of tickets for theatre and museum visiting. All these method should definitely help with governmental support. Reducing the level of culture, dangerous in itself, because it creates spiritual lack and causes the loss of completeness and quality of life, it is unacceptable for the transition to sustainable development, since it violates the principles. Therefore, an important strategic objective is to preserve the traditions of Kazakh culture for future generations and increasing the cultural values of the city. One of the main advantages of the solution is discovering new talents. There are many ways to ind talented people like annual competitions among school children and youth on the best research on the cultural history of the city, systematically lead the campaign to restore the historic, cultural and moral traditions in Kazakhstan, establish a fund supporting young talents. Moreover, there is definitely should be governmental support which may lead to better comprehension between society and administration. However, there are still disadvantages are included unfortunately, one of them is cost because the cultural heritage has to be protected and saved, and there simply should be finances to rovide the expenses. Another disadvantage is that intrusion into the cultural market economy has led to a noticeable decrease in the quality of commercialization and cultural life, in which the rule passed to popular culture. Free profit in culture dramatically reduced intellectual and moral standards of its mass perception, put the property in line with consumer goods are. There was a dominance of low-grade and low-grade commercial foreign films on television advocating violence, corruption, lack of spirituality, the book market appeared dubious literature, from the repertoire of theaters as washed out and a real classic domestic drama, in art the main place was kitsch. Thus, the culture fully experienced the negative effects of the economic crisis, social and political instability, activation of destructive forces in society. Finally, the third possible solution is to creating conditions for receiving general and special education. Young people and the city’s population as a whole has recognized the importance of education for progress and success in life. Young generation desire to find a prestigious profession, noted the desire to develop their personality, to find ositions in society, to gain the respect of folks. The greatest advantage of this solution is that not only in Kazakhstan, but mostly in all countries, general and special education happen to be very beneficial, because those people who have received general and special education become more or less educated, they have fundamental knowledge. Another advantage is that children likely to be more educated because of new educational environment and new interests in study that adoles cents would be excited. The greatest disadvantage would be still the financial part, because for each sphere of ducation should be allocated some amount of money for providing better educational system. But allocation of money still cannot be done appropriately because of many factors such as corruption, negligence etc. Also, the creating of new conditions for receiving general and special education would may take some time because creating includes innovations in educational system, new buildings, more equipment and so on. According to John Heywood (n. d. ) â€Å"Rome wasn’t build in a day†. Although the increasing the cultural valuables and saving the cultural heritage would be he most convenient, the solution of creating conditions for receiving general and special education is the most feasible. Even though the government has to invest money in educational process, the last solution is the best because it has the advantages of the other alternatives without major disadvantages. Therefore, I recommend that the Kazakh society should keep in mind that the important strategic objective is to preserve the traditions of the Kazakh culture for future generations and increasing the cultural values of the city. In the meantime, I uggest the government immediately take the measures by supporting the society and creating new opportunities to develop the culture of Kazakhstan. By being responsive to the citizens, government in essence would try to unite with them for the success of their purpose to raise the cultural development of the country. Reference list: Kornilov I. (2011) â€Å"Developing the culture of the modern Kazakhstan† Retrieved November 6, 2012 from http:// kv. ucoz. kz Heywood J. (n. d. ) â€Å"Rome wasn’t built in a day† Retrieved November 8, 2012 from http://www. quotationspage. com How to cite Problems of Cultural Development in Kazakhstan Could Be Solved, Papers

three feast discussed in john Essays - Jewish Holy Days, Christology

Jesus Christ presents Himself as the Messiah. There are plenty of underlying symbolisms that Jesus correlates with the Feasts of the Tabernacles. God in His ultimate plan presents an awesome illustration for Jewish people to see clearly that Christ was and is the Messiah. For the most part, the Jews have rejected Christ. In the book of John 7:38-39, Christ displays an underlying symbolism in regards to the Feast of the Tabernacles. The Jews practiced reading scriptures about ?the water? that was provided while wondering in the desert Exodus 17:6. Jesus Christ states in John 7:38 ?That out of His belly will flow Living Waters.? Also, in the Elmer Towns textbook, John Believe and Live (page 74), this is discussed as well. Elmer Towns states that one can draw the conclusion that the reference to Living Waters is directly associated with the scripture that is read. These scriptures are about the water in the wilderness from the Old Testament. Jesus Christ gave His life, body, and spirit to the believer. Another underlying symbolism is the eight days of the Feast of the Tabernacles. In Matthew Henry?s Commentary volume 1 page 541 discusses the eight days of the Feast of Tabernacle in great detail. The number eight represents Jesus Christ. Also, the first and last days of the festival are a time of rest. We as Believer?s are to rest in Christ, due to the fact that Believers are free from sin. The building of the booths made of poplar and palm branches and the movement of these booths during days two through day seven, represent the wandering that the Israelites experienced, in the wilderness. This is discussed in Matthew Henry?s Commentary volume 1 page 541. The symbolism here is that earth is not our permanent home, and heaven is our eternal home. Alone, it is impossible to be a Believer without Christ. Christ is the bridegroom and we are the bride as Christians. The illumination of the temple at the Feast of the Tabernacles is one of the most unique underlying symbolisms. In the book, Jesus is the Christ, written by Leon Morris; Mr. Morris discusses how Jesus Christ claimed in John 8:12 ?I am the light of the world.?(page 112) and how the representation of the lighting of the candelabra have direct under tones. Although, Dr. Morris states that ?Christ would of made this statement after the fire was extinguished.? Mr. Morris also states in his book that this may also be in reference to the pillar of fire in Exodus.

Napoleons Noble Failure essays

Napoleon's Noble Failure essays The Noble Failure of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon's reign ended in defeat and exile, and the largest empire since the height of the Roman Empire quickly disintegrated without its creator. In essence, Napoleon's career can be seen as its overall conclusive state: a failure. By no means, however, can one consider his rule to be one of meekness or lackluster. The self-made emperor worked relentlessly to change France in ways that he believed would better the country and the every day lives of its people. Many reforms he made, regardless of their flaws, were of noble and just cause. These reforms became his most lasting impression on Europe and the world today. Adjustments to the economy, education systems, and work force were all part of his Civil Code, which to this day remains the root for many of the constitutions of the world today (Burnham, 1). Napoleon, though not with any degree of perfection, did devote his life whole-heartedly to what he thought was right for France in his day and age. Many see this kind of d evotion and enthusiasm as noble, therefore leading to the description of his career as a noble failure. Napoleon first made a name for himself as an ambitious and talented general in the Italian army. In 1799, the French legislature chose him as one of three de-facto rulers and dubbed him a consul of France. He soon became First Consul with the re-writing of the constitution. This re-drawing of the constitution also gave him the right to choose the men that served as the Counsel of State, which was responsible for the law making of the country. By inviting men to service who were already loyal to him through military experience, Napoleon became a powerful leader of a personalized government. Within a year of his commencement of power, Napoleon had ended the decade of the French Revolution and revealed his vision for the country. The destruction of the French Republic into a military based aristo...

The U.S. Food Safety System

The U.S. Food Safety System Ensuring food safety is one of those federal government functions we only notice when it fails. Considering that the United States is one of the best-fed nations in the world, widespread outbreaks of food-borne illness are rare and usually quickly controlled. However, critics of the U.S. food safety system often point to its multi-agency structure which they say too often prevents the system from acting swiftly and efficiently. Indeed, food safety and quality in the United States is governed by no less than 30 federal laws and regulations administered by 15 federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) share primary responsibility for overseeing the safety of the U.S. food supply. In addition, all states have their own laws, regulations, and agencies dedicated to food safety. The federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is mainly responsible for investigating localized and nationwide outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In many cases, the food safety functions of the FDA and USDA overlap; particularly inspection/enforcement, training, research, and rulemaking, for both domestic and imported food. Both USDA and FDA currently conduct similar inspections at some 1,500 dual jurisdiction establishments facilities that produce foods regulated by both agencies. Role of the USDA The USDA has primary responsibility for the safety of meat, poultry, and certain egg products. USDAs regulatory authority comes from the Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, the Egg Products Inspection Act and the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act. USDA inspects all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate commerce, and re-inspects imported meat, poultry, and egg products to makes sure they meet U.S. safety standards. In egg processing plants, the USDA inspects eggs before and after they are broken for further processing. Role of the FDA The FDA, as authorized by the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and the Public Health Service Act, regulates foods other than the meat and poultry products regulated by the USDA. FDA is also responsible for the safety of drugs, medical devices, biologics, animal feed and drugs, cosmetics, and radiation emitting devices. New regulations giving the FDA the authority to inspect large commercial egg farms took effect on July 9, 2010. Prior to this rule, FDA inspected egg farms under its broad authorities applicable to all food, focusing on farms already linked to recalls. Apparently, the new rule did not take effect soon enough to allow for proactive inspections by the FDA of the egg farms involved in the August 2010 recall of nearly half a billion eggs for salmonella contamination. Role of the CDC The Centers for Disease Control leads federal efforts to gather data on foodborne illnesses, investigate foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts in reducing foodborne illnesses. CDC also plays a key role in building state and local health department epidemiology, laboratory, and environmental health capacity to support foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response. Differing Authorities All of the federal laws listed above empower the USDA and FDA with different regulatory and enforcement authorities. For example, food products under FDAs jurisdiction may be sold to the public without the agencys prior approval. On the other hand, food products under USDAs jurisdiction must generally be inspected and approved as meeting federal standards before being marketed. Under current law, UDSA continuously inspects slaughter facilities and examines each slaughtered meat and poultry carcass. They also visit each processing facility at least once during each operating day. For foods under FDAs jurisdiction, however, federal law does not mandate the frequency of inspections. Addressing Bioterrorism Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the federal food safety agencies began taking on the added responsibility of addressing the potential for deliberate contamination of agriculture and food products - bioterrorism. An executive order issued by President George W. Bush in 2001 added the food industry to the list of critical sectors that need protection from possible terrorist attack. As a result of this order, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security, which now provides overall coordination for protecting the U.S. food supply from deliberate contamination. Finally, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 granted the FDA additional food safety enforcement authorities similar to those of the USDA. Cooperation with State and Local Food Safety Systems According to the U.S. Department Health and Human Services (HHS), more than 3,000 state, local, and territorial agencies are responsible for food safety in retail food establishments within their jurisdictions. Most states and territories have separate departments of health and of agriculture, while most counties and cities have similar food safety and inspection agencies. In most states and local jurisdictions, the department of health has authority over restaurants, while the agriculture department is responsible for food safety in retail supermarkets. While the states inspect meat and poultry sold in the state where they are produced, the process is monitored by the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Under the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968, state inspection programs are required to be â€Å"at least equal to† federal meat and poultry inspection programs. The federal FSIS takes over responsibility for inspections if a state voluntarily ends its inspection programs or fails to maintain the â€Å"at least equal to† standard. In a few states, state employees conduct meat and poultry inspections in federally-operated plants under federal-state cooperative inspection contracts.

Reasons for Low GPA Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasons for Low GPA - Personal Statement Example I started my university education in the USA and have struggled in making sure my aggregate points remain above average. My wish to transfer to Korea is based on the fact that I have faced several challenges in the United States that have had a negative impact on my education. I experienced nostalgia in America since I was in a new culture, new language and with no friends. The situation affected my education and social life. The loneliness caused depression, and I had to seek medical help. In my urge to excel in education, I sought help from my professor who gave me moral and academic support. The depression cost me dearly academically such that I registered a GPA of 2.34, which is the lowest in my university education. However, after medication and counseling, I improved notably to attain the current GPA of 2.72. The circumstances surrounding my studies in the United States are responsible for my poor performance. However, I demonstrated that I can perform better in a friendly environment. Transferring to Korea will eliminate the language problem and thus improve my understanding. Moreover, I prefer a Korean college life to the American life. My low GPA for last semester should not scatter my chance of transferring to Korea. Based on the above reasons, I implore you to consider the current GPA.

The Social Web and Security Risks on People's Information Essay

The Social Web and Security Risks on People's Information - Essay Example Indeed, those kinds of risks exist for both individuals and organizations—two kinds of entities that are both increasingly using social media as a way of communicate with others. Throughout this paper, the analysis of risks of social web will incorporate both individual users who may use social media casually to communicate with a particular circle of people, and organizations that may use social media to market their products and services to the public. Neither class is immune to the challenges that we all face when using social media to keep information private, since the process of making information public is irreversible. According to Pew Research (2011), the percentages of individuals using social networking sites, especially within the 18 to 29 age bracket, has skyrocketed since 2005 (Figure 1.). Similar sorts of trends can be observed in the 30 to 49 and 50 to 64 age brackets, although the sharpness of that curve is more subdued. Over half of people in all three of tho se age brackets, however, are using social networking websites, and roughly one-third of people 65 or older are using social networking websites. Considering the prevalence of social media in our 21st century reality, it is necessary to slow down and to give some thought to the drawbacks of this technology, in addition to its benefits. When discussing either drawbacks or benefits, one should keep in mind these rising statistics about usage. Social networking becomes more valuable as people join and connect, which means social media has a great deal of staying power. Figure 1. Social networking usage by age. Pew Research (2011). Figure 2. Communication methods used to engage employees. McCasland (2009). Clearly, social media is having a large-scale impact on how individuals communicate with others. However, organizations are increasingly utilizing social media. In fact, 21st century organizations consider social media as an important tool of marketing. In addition, social media has o ther uses, including to engage employees and to foster productivity (Figure 2.). As was mentioned previously, what is unique to the new phenomenon of social networking is that information uploaded to such websites is there permanently. In times of interpersonal networking without the internet, oral communication carried information from person to person. Oral communication is temporary and sometimes forgotten. However, in the 21st century, there is a public record of information that at some points in history individuals never would have thought to share with others. With such permanence to information, it is possible for undesirable consequences to come about by sharing. Sometimes these negative consequences are defined by a malicious intent, while at other times, these consequences are accidental. For instance, in organizations, blocking Facebook is not only a matter of preventing malware from entering company computers or keeping employees productive—it is also about posit ively representing the company to the public, which a Facebook profile essentially is (Cluley, 2010). Individuals sometimes forget that, like organizations, they have a public online presence that can be damaged by sharing their information in a public space. However, in spite of those potential threats, organization and individuals are still using the social web at miraculous rates. The primary benefit of social media is the connections that it

Season by Wole Soyinka Essay -- English Literature

Season by Wole Soyinka There seems to be a strange contrast between his choice of the word â€Å"decay†, which suggests things going to ruin and the final sentiment where the word â€Å"promise† indicates hope. I get the sense that Soyinka’s poem is contrived. He feels the urge to speak lyrically about this subject but does not seem to have found his authentic voice, or perhaps the theme is too complex for him to address in a sixteen line poem. This is reflected in lines such as â€Å"Pollen is mating time† which not only fails to make sense but is also rather clumsy. This poem begs comparison with Achebe’s â€Å"Refugee Mother and Child† that redefines aesthetics through comparison with traditional Western sensibilities. He shows the harsh reality of humans on the brink of starvation whilst Soyinka shows humans dependent on, yet in harmony with, nature. Soyinka too redefines some words through context but his spin on the relationship between humans and nature is a more hopeful one. The word â€Å"loved† is in the past tense thus indicating a time gone by. This suggests that the firs...

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 16

A fighter knows instinctively when there's no chance. But Rashel planned to fight anyway. And then she noticed something wrong. The vampires should have caught it first. Then-senses were sharper. But their senses were turned inward, focused on the victims in front of them. Rashel was the only one whose senses were turned outward, alert to everything but focused on nothing. There was a smell that was wrong and a sound. The smell was sharp, stinging, and close by. The sound was soft, distant, but recognizable. Gasoline. She could smell gasoline. And she could hear a faint dull roar that sounded like the fireplace in the gathering room-but was coming from somewhere else in the house. It didn't make sense. She didn't understand. But she believed it. â€Å"Quinn, get ready to run,† she said, a gasp on a soft breath. Something was about to happen. No, we have to fight- His thought to her broke off. Rashel turned to look at the doorway. Hunter Redfern had moved into the gathering room-but there was someone in the hall. Then the someone stepped forward and Rashel could see her face. Nyala was smiling brilliantly. Her small queenly head was high and her dark eyes were flashing. She was holding a red gasoline can in one hand and a liter of grapefruit juice in the other. The bottle was almost full of liquid and had a burning rag stuffed in the top. Gas. Gas from the pump on the wharf, Rashel thought. A Generation-X Molotov cocktail. â€Å"It's all over the house,† Nyala said, and her voice was lilting. â€Å"Gallons and gallons. All over the rooms and the doors.† But she shouldn't be hanging on to it, Rashel thought. That bottle is going to explode. â€Å"You see, I am a real vampire hunter, Rashel. I figure this way, we get rid of them all at once.† And the house is already burning†¦. Behind the carved screen on the right side of the room, ruddy light was flickering, growing. The faint roar that had disturbed Rashel was louder now. Closer. And everything's wood, Rashel thought. Wood paneling, wood floors. Frame house. A deathtrap for vampires. â€Å"Get her,† Hunter Redfern said. But none of the vampires charged toward Nyala with her about-to-explode bottle of death and her can of fire accelerant. In fact, they were backing away, moving to the perimeter of the room. Hunter spun to face Nyala directly. You need to put that down, he began in telepathic tones of absolute authority-at the same time Rashel shouted, â€Å"Nyala, no-â€Å" The sound of telepathy seemed to set something off in Nyala. Flashing a dazzling savage smile, she smashed the grapefruit juice bottle at his feet. With almost the same motion, she threw the gasoline can, too. It was flying in a graceful arc toward the fireplace, spinning, spilling liquid, and vampires were scattering to try to get out of the way. And then everything was exploding-or maybe erupting was a better word. It was as if a dragon had breathed suddenly into the room, sending a roaring gale of fire through it. But Rashel didn't have time to watch-she and Quinn were both diving. Quinn was diving for the floor past Nyala, trying to drag Rashel with him. Rashel was diving for Timmy. She didn't know why. She didn't think about it consciously. She simply had to do it. She hit Timmy with the entire force of her body and knocked him to the floor. She covered him as the fire erupted behind her. Then she scrambled to her knees, her arm locked around his chest. Everything was noise and heat and confusion. Vampires were yelling at each other, running, shoving each other. The ones who'd been splattered with gas were on fire, trying to put it out, getting in one another's way. â€Å"Come on!† Quinn said, pulling Rashel up. â€Å"I know a way outside.† Rashel looked for Nyala. She didn't see her. As Quinn dragged her into the hall, she saw dark smoke come billowing from the dining-room area. The hall was bathed in reddish light. â€Å"Come on!† Quinn was pulling her across the hall, through the smoke. Into a room that was full of orange flames. â€Å"Quinn-â€Å" Timmy was kicking and struggling in Rashel's arms. Yelling at her. She kept her grip on him. And she went with Quinn. She had to trust him. He knew the house. She hadn't realized how frightening fire was, though. It was like a beast with hot shriveling breath. It seemed alive and it seemed to want to get her, roaring out at her from unexpected places. And it spread so fast. Rashel would never have believed it could move so quickly through a house, even a house soaked with gasoline. In a matter of minutes the building had become an inferno. Everywhere she looked, there was fire, smoke, and a horrifying reflection of flames. They were on the other side of the room now, and Quinn was kicking at a door. His sleeve was on fire. Rashel twisted her hand out of his and beat at it to put it out. She almost lost hold of Timmy. Then the door was swinging outward and cool air was rushing in and the fire was roaring like a crazy thing to meet it. She was simply running, in panic, her only thought to hold on to Timmy and to stay with Quinn. They were out. But she smelled burning. And now Quinn was grabbing her, rolling her over and over on the sandy unpaved road. Rashel realized, dimly, that her clothes were on fire in back. Quinn stopped rolling her. Rashel sat up, tried to glance at her own back, then looked for Timmy. He was crouched on the road, staring at the house. Rashel could see flames coming out of the windows. Smoke was pouring upward and everything seemed as bright as daylight beneath it. â€Å"Are you all right?† Quinn said urgently. He was looking her over. Rashel's whole body was washed with adrenaline and her heart was pounding insanely. But she couldn't take her eyes off the house. She stumbled to her feet. â€Å"Nyala's in there! I have to get her.† Quinn looked at her as if she were raving. Rashel just shook her head and started helplessly toward the house. She didn't want to go anywhere near it. She knew the fire wanted her dead. But she couldn't leave Nyala in there to burn. Then Quinn was shoving her roughly back. â€Å"You stay here. I'll get her.† â€Å"No! I have to-â€Å" â€Å"You have to watch Timmy! Look, he's getting away!† Rashel whirled. She didn't have any clear idea of where Timmy might be getting away to-but he was on his feet and moving. Toward the house, then away from it. She grabbed for him again. When she turned back toward Quinn, Quinn was gone. No-there he was, darting into the house. Timmy was screaming again, kicking in her arms. â€Å"I hate you!† he shouted. â€Å"Let go of me! Why did you take me out?† Rashel stared at the house. Quinn was inside now. In that holocaust of flame. And he'd gone because of her, to save her from going herself. Please, she thought suddenly and distinctly. Please don't let him die. The flames were roaring higher. The night was brilliant with them. Fire was raining in little burning bits from the sky, and Rashel's nose and eyes stung. She knew she should get farther back, but she couldn't. She had to watch for Quinn. â€Å"Why? I hate you! Why did you take me out?† Rashel looked at the strange little creature in her arms, the one that was biting and kicking as if it wanted to go back into the burning house. She didn't know what Timmy had become-some weird combination of child, adult, and animal, apparently. And she didn't know what kind of future he could possibly have. But she did know, now, why she'd brought him out. She looked at the childish face, the angry eyes full of hate. â€Å"Because my mom told me to take care of you,† she whispered. And then she was crying. She was holding him and sobbing. Timmy didn't try to hold her back, but he didn't bite her anymore either. Still sobbing, Rashel looked over his head toward the house. Everything was burning. And Quinn was still inside†¦. Then she saw a figure silhouetted against the flames. Two figures. One holding the other, half carrying it. â€Å"Quinn!† He was running toward her, supporting Nyala. They were both covered with soot. Nyala was swaying, laughing, her eyes huge and distant. Rashel threw her arms around both of them. The relief that washed over her was almost more painful than the fear. Her legs literally felt as if they had no bones-she was going to collapse at any second. She was tottering. â€Å"You're alive,† she whispered into Quinn's charred collar. â€Å"And you got her.† She could feel Quinn's arm around her, holding hard. Nothing else seemed to matter. But now Quinn was taking his arm away, pushing her along the road. â€Å"Come on! We've got to get to the wharf before they do.† In a flash, Rashel understood. She got a new grip on Timmy and turned to run toward the hiking path. Her knees were shaking, but she found she could make them move. They lurched down the path in the wild grass, Quinn supporting Nyala, she carrying Timmy. Rashel didn't know how many vampires had made it out of the burning house-she hadn't seen any- but she knew that any who did would head for the dock. Where she and Annelise had disabled the boats. But as the wharf came into view, Rashel saw something that hadn't been there when she left it. There was a yacht in the harbor, swinging at anchor. â€Å"It's Hunter's,† Quinn said. â€Å"Hurry!† They were flying down the hill, staggering onto the wharf. Rashel saw no sign of the werewolf she'd tied up earlier, but she saw something else new. An inflatable red dinghy was tied to the pier. â€Å"Quick! You get in first.† Rashel put Timmy down and got in. Quinn lifted Timmy into her arms, then put Nyala in. Nyala was staring around her now, laughing in spurts, then stopping to breathe hard. Rashel put her free arm around her as Quinn climbed in the dinghy. Every second, Rashel was expecting to see Hunter Redfern appear, blackened and smoldering, with his arms outstretched like some vengeful demon. And then the tiny motor was purring and they were moving away from the wharf. They were leaving it behind. They were on the ocean, the cool dark ocean, freeing themselves from land and danger. Rashel watched as the yacht got bigger and bigger. They were close to it now. They were there. â€Å"Come on. We can climb up the swimming ladder. Come on, fast,† Quinn said. He was reaching for her, his face unfamiliar in a mask of soot, his eyes intense. Absolutely focused, absolutely determined. Thank God he knows what to do on a boat. I wouldn't. She let Quinn help her up the ladder, then helped Timmy and Nyala. Nyala had stopped laughing entirely now. She was simply gasping, looking bewildered. â€Å"What happened? What-?† She stared toward the cliffs where orange flame was shooting into the sky. â€Å"I did that. Did I do that?† Quinn had pulled up the anchor. He was heading for the cockpit. Timmy was crying. Kneeling on the deck, Rashel held Nyala. Nyala's eyelashes were burned to crisp curls. There was white ash on the ends. Her mouth was trembling and her body shook as if she were having convulsions. â€Å"I had to do it,† she got out in a thick voice. â€Å"You know I had to, Rashel.† Timmy sobbed on. A motor roared to life. All at once they were moving swiftly and the island with its burning torch was falling behind. â€Å"I had to,† Nyala said in a choked voice. â€Å"I had to. I had to.† Rashel leaned to rest her head on Nyala's hair. Wind was whipping around her as they raced away. She held the tiny vampire in one arm and the trembling human girl in the other. And she watched the fire get smaller and smaller until it looked like a star on the ocean.

Balancing The Protection Of Refugees With National Security A Critical Analysis Of The Kenya Refugee Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2616 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Refugees Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT. It has become a reality that most refugee situations are found in the worlds most hostile environs. This is due to the continuing violence and persecution of refugees and thus they cannot return to their countries. For over twenty years Kenya has been receiving a large refugee population. The perception of refugee issues has taken a different stance from being a humanitarian issue to a security threat in return this has made the government of Kenya to take the wrong course in seeking to deal with security issues. The analysis of the relationship between the refugee influx in Kenya and insecurity brings out a different perception. The research seek to analyse the role of the government in handling refugee issues versus security concerns, this translates to the aspect of human rights when handling refugee issues. This research used concepts from these theories such as societal security to contribute to knowledge and understanding of the nexus of refugee issues and insecurity. Secondary data was obtained from published scholarly materials, government reports, journals, newsletters and newspapers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Balancing The Protection Of Refugees With National Security: A Critical Analysis Of The Kenya Refugee Act" essay for you Create order It is established that criminal groups from the neighbouring countries are responsible for the increase of insecurity in Kenya. They use the large refugee influxes to their advantage, to engage in illegal activities such as trafficking illegal firearms through the porous borders particularly the North of Kenya, which then, are used to commit crime in the country. Refugees, being a vulnerable group, and most of them from Somali, a country that has had conflicts for many years, are blamed for the insecurity. In consideration of all circumstances notwithstanding, Kenya has a mandate: to respect and improve the international refugee instruments of protection while at the same time ensuring security for its citizens. The Government of Kenya has been accused of breaching the human rights of the refugees through its various responses such as the encampment policy, Operation Linda Nchi, forced repatriations, police operations and harassments on the urban refugees, and also the reaction on th e closure of Dadaab camp following a terrorist attack on Garissa University. The Kenyan Government has cited protection of its citizens in the pursuit of its national interests as the basis for its actions and responses. There is therefore the need to strike a balance between obeying international obligations and that of protecting national interests. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IRIN Integrated Information Regional Networks UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee OAU Organization of African Unity UN United Nations GoK Government of Kenya CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY The first thing that comes into ones mind when national security is mentioned is the safety of the states citizens if they are not secure then definitely thats an insecure country. On the background I will discuss the status of refugees in Kenya. Describe who a refugee is and the security issues related to refugees in Kenya. Buzan finds human security concept a problematic concept in international security, because to him, human race levels are difficult to construct as referent objects for security. On the other hand, his argument is centred in international state-centric perspective and therefore logically cannot endorse another view of security. Sean Kay defines security as the absence of a threat to the stability of the international system, to countries or to individuals. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees under Article 1 (2), refugees are defined as individuals who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. Towards the end of 1980s, Kenya was reported to be among the leading host of East African origin refugees as a result of an influx of Somali refugees. Since then, Kenya has hosted thousands of refugees from East and Horn of Africa including Southern Sudan, Uganda (during the autocratic rule of Iddi Amin) and Somalia refugees fleeing clashes and subsequent civil wars after the ousting of Said Barre in January 1991 among others. Due to the political instability experienced in her neighboring countries such as Djibouti, Somalia and Eritrea, Kenya has become a destination to most of the refugees fleeing their nations. With insurgency of the militant group, Al-Shabaab, in Somalia, Kenya has been hosting refugees of both genders and age in the camps as they escape unrelenting war in their country. Although the aim of welcoming them was to offer them humanitarian services, security issues have been raised as the authorities think that the camps may harbor those insurgents. Kenya has experienced a spate of attacks believed to have been planned by the terrorist who reside in these camps. Section 14 of the Refugees Act enacted in the year 2006 spelled out the rights of the refugees staying in Kenya. They were needed to enjoy the rights to education, settle anywhere within the borders of Kenya, and the right to seek and work in Kenya. In the 90s many countries experienced political instability, Somalia being a hotbed of terror.This led to migration of refugees, most of them from Somalia into Kenya through the borders. With the large numbers of Somali refugees arriving daily, the Government of Kenya (GoK) could barely provide Water, sanitation, food, and healthcare, which contributed to infants death and increased malnutrition rates. As a result, the Gok could no longer provide humanitarian assistance to the refugees. The early 90s also marked the migration of refugees who came to seek refugee from neighbouring countries such as Sudan . Dadaab is the worlds largest refugee camp and is located in Garissa County, it houses 355,709 registered refugees, 95% of whom are Somalis who fled the country due to conflicts and drought. The number of refugees is, however, thought to be around 500,000. The refugees had to be settled in camps so as to make humanitarian assistance simpler in administering and monitoring them and also likely to lower their chances of threats. Some of them were able to settle in Mombasa, those who had capital started businesses whilst others dealt in black markets that led to sale of counterfeit and illegal goods. There was a policy that exempted the Barawan refugee camps from any form of taxation. Any form of business established and run by these Somalia refugees in these camps thrived as they managed to sell their items at lower prices attracting more buyers. However, most of the locals who had their business and were paying taxes developed resentment toward these Somali refugees The pressure from the local business people was so much that the Gok had to listen to their concerns. A policy was implemented in 1997 that saw the closure of the camps and all the refugees relocated to Dadaab and Kakuma. Some refugees felt it was unfair and they opted to go back to their country regardless of the tension and uncertainty. Until recently a majority of Kenyans had no knowledge that a refugee camp like Dadaab existed. More than 600 refugees originating from Somalia, all residents of East Leigh, were arrested in connection with various attacks. Another search for terrorists happened in 2002 and following that, more than one thousand migrants without permit got arrested . Despite paying a heavy price for standing by the people of Somali, the returns for Kenya have always been bitter. Every time Kenya has toyed with closing the refugee camps in its North Eastern region, the strongest opposition has come from international agencies. There has been a distrust among Kenyans to the Somali refugee as a result of the repetitive attacks, which continues to blossom up to today. Countless number of persons over the years have continued to emigrate against their will because of persecutions by governments and Islamic groups. The government of Kenya has implemented a number of policies including closer the border between Kenya and Somalia in 2001 and the recent intent close of the dadaab camp. Amnesty International has joined the UN and others in urging Kenya to halt its plans to close the worlds largest refugee complex, arguing that forcing the 350,000 Somalis in Dadaab to return home would put their lives at risk and breach international law. Kenya ordered the closure of the camp after members of the Somali Islamist group al-Shabaab attacked Garissa University College on 2 April, killing 148 people. Many of us believe that refugees from Somalia are to blame for the current insecurity in Kenya. As such, the government of Kenya is in a dilemma whether to continue hosting the refugees at the expense of the security of the residents or to withdraw their support. Besides, Kenya has to choose between playing the important humanitarian role of hosting those who flee their countries as result insecurity required internationally and ensuring there are no security threats. However, the main concern is whether the refugees are a threat to the Kenyan national security. This document aims to establish the effect of the Kenyas policy to relax the laws that requires close scrutiny of the migrants to Kenya especially those that come from Somalia on the national security. Also, the aim is to explore the impact of the implementation of stringent domestic and international laws on the Kenyan national security. STATEMENT PROBEM. Terrorist attacks are one of the major problems facing Kenya today. A series of terrorist incidents have occurred in Kenya since august 1998 resulting to a number of deaths. The most recent being that on Garissa university where at least 147 people died following an attack by al-Shabaab militants. When Kenya closed her Somali border in December 2006 as a security concern following the Islamic insurgency and Al Shabaab threats, the then U.S.A Ambassador to Kenya, Michael Rannerberger had this to say: The United States appreciates Kenyas efforts to care for the refugees in Dadaab. The U.S. government also understands that Kenya needs to ensure the security of citizens of North Eastern Province (now County) and control its borders. As a contracting party to the 1969 OAU convention on Refugees however, Kenya is obliged to allow Somalis to cross the border to seek asylum. The 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees sets no specific requirements for national refugee status determination procedures . Therefore, it is left to each contracting State to establish the procedure that it considers most appropriate and in conformity with its particular constitutional and administrative structure. It is therefore clear that government officials in Africa are caught between their genuine concern for the refugees and their wish to honor international agreements to provide asylum, and the increasingly hostile grassroots response from their own impoverished people in refugee affected areas. It is on this basis that Kenya has set out its national status determination procedures in the Refugee Act 2006. However, the international scope of the 1951 Convention calls for certain common basic requirements which should be met by the determination procedure in each C ontracting State. Most camps are located in hostile areas such as the northern part of Kenya. Refugees are not able to enjoy most of their fundamental rights such as freedom of movement. Kenyan immigration laws prevent them from moving out of their camps and thus they end up being susceptible to police harassment, detention and being charged with unlawful entry if found outside the camps. The refugee situation threatens their self-sufficiency as a result of having left behind most of their assets as they ran away from home. The change of location makes it difficult for them to regain their economic security. However, international humanitarian agencies have over the years been active in providing assistance to refugees. Kenya has experienced a high magnitude of refugees into Kenya as they escape crashes from the countries from her neighbors mostly Somalia after the fall of the government of Somalia in 1991. Various organizations and bodies offer their assistance to the refugees from these camps although they are faced with various challenges in their effort to offer support. Kenya has to agree to host refugees as required by the Refugee convention of 1951 and the OAU convention of 1969 on refugees. Despite the efforts to accord the refugees their right as required by the law, the government has enacted other internal measures to ensure that the migrants do not enjoy right not stipulated in the signed agreement. A perfect example is the policy demanding all refuges to settle in certain designated areas set aside for that purpose. These camps are expected to meet the international refugee camp standards. Most of these refugee camps are located in semi-arid areas with a hot dry climate, without surface water and attractive natural resources to enhance UNHCRs efforts of building self-sufficiency. This situation makes refugees, permanent dependants on UNHCR relief and a constant drain to host countrys resources. Although the government of Kenya recognizes the need to host refugees by signing laws meant to protect them, managing the refugee remains a head ache. In April 2001, thousands of refugees fled to Kenya. The Somalis, the Sudanese and Ethiopian refugees have stayed in Kenya long, due to prolonged conflicts in their home countries. Insecurity in Kenya has been rising since refugees started streaming in, in large numbers. This situation has heightened the refugee burden and caused a lot of concerns in the government institutions mandated with handling security in Kenya. The borders have become extremely insecure. Weiner, observes that, refugees can be a threat to the regime of their home country, to host country, can also pose cultural, social or economic threat and can be used as an instrument to threaten the host or country of origin. Perceived threats have a more significant impact on a states actions than the real threats.The relationship between international refugee flows and national security can be understood as a social construct whereby discourses and practices have shifted refugee flows from a humanitarian idea to a security-oriented idea. The current rise in terrorist activities has been associated with the increasing number of refugees in Kenya. Kenyan anti-terrorist operations have targeted aliens including refugees especially from Somalia Kenya, seen as the source of terrorists it faces. The Governments concerns are that terrorists can camouflage as refugees to enter the country and cover their activities including recruiting from the refugee population. Some groups such as the al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, al-Itihaad which have links with al-Qaeda, were carrying out humanitarian work in Somali refugee camps where they have established close links. Besides AI-Shabaab threats, the other security threat troubling Kenya and linked to Somalia is the piracy threat. This new tactic of hijacking ships and other sea vessels is threatening business and general voyage particularly in the Indian Ocean. Kenya has continued to have a shift in its security policies based on its core national interest being national security and this has been greatly influenced by the influx of refugees and mainly Somali refugees and the insecurity in the country. This study seeks to analyze Kenyas response to the refugee influx and insecurity in the face of its national interests and international legal obligations relating to the protection of refugees. OBJECTIVES. The overall aim of this study is to analyze Kenyas response to the Somali refugee influx based on its national interests and international obligations on the refugees. The specific objectives include: 1. Critically analyse the role of the Government of Kenya in handling refugee issues vs. security concerns. This part is an introduction of how refugees are being perceived by the Kenyan government. In this matter, due to historical and political context, the Somali community plays a significant