Essay Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice

Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice By the end of Act 4 scene 1, my view of Shylock is a man who wishes to get revenge at society by trying to take the flesh of a Venetian merchant because of the prejudices that are thrown at him. Shylock is a rich Jewish moneylender and a widow whose daughter has eloped with a Christian, Lancelot. Shylock is treated with the lowest kind of integrity and respect in Venice this was normal for Jews in the Victorian period since most of Europe was greatly Anti- Semis-tic. Shakespeare first introduces Antonio then Shylock, in Act 1 scene 1 Antonio is presented as a rich merchant who is a kind and loyal friend, as he has no money, Antonio goes to†¦show more content†¦Antonio naively signs it because he is secure about his ships. Shylock has the upper hand because he now has a chance to contract his revenge. From this introduction of Shylock, the audience would probably perceive him of having a negative character in contrast to Antonio as Shylock is seen to act in a strongly revengeful manner constructing him to be villain but the audience at the same time feel sympathy for Shylock because he has been abused and the abuser has no regret or isnt dishearten about, this is verified when Antonio quotes in act scene 2 To spet on thee again, to spurn thee too this produces Shylock to be a victim. In Act 2 Scene 3, Jessica states, I am a daughter to his blood I am not to his manners this sentence would give the audience the impression that Jessica is embarrassed of her fathers behaviour. This would probably lead Jessica to feel that Shylock is irritable and unbearable to live with; this is evident when Jessica cries, Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, didst rob it of some taste of tediousness, and the audience ponders if Shylock is a victim because of the way his daughter feels towards him. Then again when Shylock locks Jessica in the house ordering her hear you me Jessica, Lock up those doors and when you hear the drum---nor thrust your head into the public street to gaze on Christian fools, (Act 2 Scene 5 lineShow MoreRelatedShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1401 Words   |  6 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The play begins in Venice where the wealthy merchant Antonio is talking to his young friends about the reasons for the depression. Antonio claims not to understand himself his sad nature. Bassanio arrives with the news that he wishes to court a wealthy, beautiful heiress named Portia. In order to present himself to Portia he wants to borrow 3000 ducats. Bassanio is in terrible debt and he sees marriage to PortiaRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1694 Words   |  7 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Introduction One of the most interesting and dramatic characters in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is the rich, despised money-lending Jew Shylock. It is impossible to judge Shylock’s character by our own modern Standards, simple because Shakespeare wrote this play for play goers in Elizabethan times. This was very different to modern times for two reasons. Firstly, people watching the play would not find itRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1385 Words   |  6 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Through time there have been many successful individuals in literature writers, poets, and play writers. But many would argue that one individuals work and character has stood out from the rest and this special illustrious person being William Shakespeare. In the many dramatic pieces of theatrical production written and the diverse individuality he ahs been able to write about many characters created through greatRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice I am a Jew a famous saying from Shylock in Merchant of Venice that clarifies the merchant brotherhood of a wealthy city. Merchant of Venice contains rascals and heroes. The audiences will soon realise that Shylock, the Jewish money lender, is shown as a villain within the wealthy city. Is this really what Shakespeare had intended? This testimony given proposes that Shylock is more of a deceitful character Read MoreEssay Shylock of William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice781 Words   |  4 PagesShylock of William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Shylock is one of the main characters in Shakespeares play The Merchant of Venice, he starts in the play as an outcast of society because he is Jewish. Shylock has been forced to become a banker in his life as an inhabitant of Venice, for the fact that his religion is seen as wrong. Although Shylock is forced to become a banker he plays a vital role in the city of Venice, without Shylock the city would struggleRead MoreEssay on Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1877 Words   |  8 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice, a tragic- comedy written in the late 16th century by the greatest known English author, William Shakespeare. This is a tale set in the heart of Venice, amongst the Venetian Christians and Jews. The history of the Jews is marked by terrible hardship and atrocities; Jewish people kept up their customs and religion formed tight knit communities and became known for their intelligent hard workRead MoreCharacterizing Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1893 Words   |  8 PagesCharacterizing Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The ‘Merchant of Venice’ was written at a time when there was great prejudice towards the Jewish race. They were known for their intelligence, hard work and business acumen, which later led them to be mistreated and resented. They were made to wear distinctive clothing in order to be identified, and citizens of Venice could treat Jews in any way they wished. The Christian church also taught that JewsRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice A key feature of the play The Merchant Of Venice is the issue of whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. This issue is raised at many crucial points most of which can be separated into the categories victim or villain. Act 1 Scene 3 displays Shylock as a sensible business man. This is our first introduction of Shylock and therefore produces our first impressions. The first point where Shylocks character isRead MoreSympathizing with Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1596 Words   |  7 PagesSympathizing with Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice In the Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare creates an atmosphere throughout the play, which causes the audience to sympathize with Shylock. Shakespeare uses key events, and dialogue to influence the audience. At the time Shakespeare wrote his plays, and they were performed, the contemporary audience would have mainly consisted of Christians. Jews were often persecuted, as they were the minority.Read MoreShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1948 Words   |  8 PagesShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare wrote The Merchant of Venice in about 1597. It was first performed by The Chamberlains Men at the Theatre Shoreditch. The Merchant of Venice was in the repertory of Shakespeares company before they took up residence at the Globe in 1599. The play was written as a comedy, but has become a serious drama. In order to answer the question it is vital to look at the pervading

Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Nigeria - 23422 Words

CHAPTER ONE INTROUDCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The current period in the world economy is regarded as period of globalization and trade liberalization. In this period, one the crucial issues in development and international economics is to know whether trade openness indeed promotes growth. With globalization, two major trends are noticeable: first is the emergence of multinational firms with strong presence in different, strategically located markets; and secondly, convergence of consumer tastes for the most competitive products, irrespective of where they are made. In this context of the world as a â€Å"global village†, regional integration constitutes an effective means of not only improving the level of participation of countries in†¦show more content†¦This is approximately US 8.2 per month or US 27 cents per day. Doug Addison (unpublished) further explained that the Nigeria economy is not merely volatile; it is one of the most volatile economies in the world (see figure 1 below). There is evidence that this volatility is adversely affecting the real growth rate of Nigeria’s gross domestic product (GDP) by inhibiting investment and reducing the productivity of investment, both public and private. Economic theory and empirical evidence suggest that sustained high future growth and poverty reduction are unlikely without a significant reduction in volatility. Oil price fluctuations drive only part of Nigeria’s volatility policy choices have also contributed to the problem. Yet policy choices are available that can help accelerate growth and thus help reduce the percentage of people living in poverty, despite the severity of Nigeria’s problems. Figure 1: growth rate of real GDP Nigeria real GDP Growth Rate During the period 1960-1997, Nigeria’s growth rate of per capital GDP of 1.45% compares unfavorably with that reported by other countries, especially those posted by china and the Asian Tigers such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and south Korea, viewed in this comparative perspective, Nigeria’s per capita income growth has been woefully low and needs to be improved upon.Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Trade Liberalization On African Countries Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe scholarship examining the extent at which trade liberalization (henceforth refers to as economic globalization) impacts poverty levels is limited. This essay examines the relationships between economic globalization and poverty levels in African countries. For instance, a 2006 UNDP report illustrates that just 7.2 percent of Bayelsa and Rivers State (Nigeria) residents were poor in 1980, but in 2004, the poverty index figures rose exponentially to 44.3 percent; Nigeria’s national rural poverty Read MoreThe Impact Of Technological And Commercial Effects On Economic Growth1642 Words   |  7 Pagesresources and nations differ in their preferences, capacity for growth and development, scale of production and technology. This creates the basis for (international) trade which enables exchange and consumption of goods and services which they cannot produce, thereby enjoying variety of goods and services to improve the standard of living of their people. Some of the positive effects International trade (IT) have on economic growth (EG) were pointed out by Smith (1776) and this idea triumphed untilRead MoreOptimal Currency Area1588 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss whether the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is an optimal currency area. To give an opinion on whether or not the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is an optimal currency area, first an optimal currency area must be defined. An optimal currency area was defined by Pilbeam (2013) as â€Å"A region for which it is optimal to have a common currency and a common monetary policy†. For the ECOWAS to qualify as an optimal currency area it must fulfil certain criteriaRead MoreGlobalization and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria5797 Words   |  24 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA By KELECHI IYOKO. Abstract The concomitant unequal distribution of the benefits of Globalisation and the fear expressed by most developing countries about the negative impact of globalization, has made the question on the relationship between globalization (characterized by foreign direct investment, economy openness and net capital flows) and Economic Growth both in developed and developing countries lie at the heartRead MoreImpact of International Trade in Nigeria6120 Words   |  25 PagesIMPACT OF TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA MIKE I. OBADAN DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS UNIVERSITY OF BENIN BENIN CITY AND OKOJIE, I. ELIZABETH DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS UNIVERSITY OF BENIN BENIN CITY ABSTRACT Many economists generally agree that openness to international trade accelerates development. The relationship between trade and growth is envisaged through an export led growth strategyRead MoreTrade Liberalization And Socio Economic Development Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesTRADE LIBERALIZATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA; 1999-2010 BY Ugwoke, Obiora Francis Department of Political Administrative Studies University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria And Okechukwu S. Amadi Department of Political Administrative Studies University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Abstract This paper sought to evaluate the concept of Trade Liberalization and Development in NigeriaRead MoreA Project Of The World Bank Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesby fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country, which the organization is trying to achieve via low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants to developing countries (â€Å"What We Do,† n.d.). The World Bank’s moto is â€Å"Working for a World Free of Poverty† with the caveat of â€Å"do no harm†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢; however, what is left in their wake in many cases is heartbreak and devastation. My task with this paper is to address  a project of the World Bank in Nigeria that created problems forRead MoreTrade Openess Theory2447 Words   |  10 Pagesand 1980’s trade openness and economics reform towards market mechanism flourished in many developing countries. This trend is much different as compared to those in the early 1950’s and 1960’s when many less developed countries favored protection policy, inward orientation, and import substitution. As a result of this change, there are substantial developments in world economy after applying outward orientation. According to Thilrwall (2011 p. 514), the implementation of trade openness has managedRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On Nigeria2115 Words   |  9 Pages Impact of Globalization on Nigeria Ahmet Harun Ãâ€"zdemir BoÄŸazià §i University Author Note This paper was prepared for Program 4, Section 1, taught by Nayat Basma ABSTRACT Expanding information environment which is led by internet, e-mail, free trade and openness and information sciences, have reduced the world a global village. In these modern times, there has been unbelievable alteration in almost all aspects of the society. It is a prevalent belief that globalization holds the keyRead MoreTrade Reforms Policy Impacts on Non-Oil Exports in Nigeria11960 Words   |  48 PagesBackground to the Study Trade policy is defined as, a governments policy controlling foreign trade and the central objective of trade policy is to provide protection for domestic industries and reduce the perceived dependence on imports; a corollary to that objective was a desire to reduce the level of unemployment and generate more revenues from the non-oil sector. Non-oil export sector in Nigeria constitutes products of agriculture, industry and services that are exported by Nigeria (Ojowu, 1989). Agriculture

Explain how the body obtains energy from fat, carbohydrates and proteins Free Essays

Introduction All living things requires energy to stay warm (mammals in this case) and to carry out other life process i.e. maintenance, growth, movement, daily activities etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how the body obtains energy from fat, carbohydrates and proteins or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of the dietary energy in humans is obtained from the main food sources including carbohydrates, fat and proteins. These major food types are also known as macronutrients and each has its own energy content that provides energy by breaking their chemical bond energy in food molecules. Sugars and fat generate higher energy levels than proteins in non photosynthetic organisms. Fat provide far more energy per gram than carbohydrate or protein for example carbohydrate and protein provides 16.8 KJ/g whereas fat provides 37.8 kJ of energy per gram. Metabolism a set of chemical reaction plays an important role in providing energy that helps an organism to maintain life. Metabolic process is organised in different pathways that leads a chemical reaction to another through the help of enzymes and coenzymes. The breakdown of food molecules leads to a process known as oxidative phosphorylation that occurs in mitochondria. This process is essential for providing Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primary source of energy for cellular activities. As the metabolic pathway is organised in to different stages, each stage should be explored in details to understand the process. Hence these stages will be explored later in the essay to answer the essay question in full. Nutrients to Energy- Three Main Stages The macronutrients presented in our food are the main source of energy for our body and all three nutrients must be broken down into smaller molecules before the cells can utilize them to produce energy. The breakdown of the larger molecules and oxidisation of those molecules are known as catabolism. The breakdown happens in digestion system where the breakdown is relatively similar for each nutrient. Specialised enzymes, a catalyst, digest specific polymers into monomers, for instant protease are specialised to catabolise proteins into amino acid and glycoside hydrolases turn polysaccharides into monosaccharides and fats are hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase. Oxidation of these molecules occurs once the small subunits are filtered into the cytosol of a cell through an active transport protein. Glycolysis reaction, which happens under anaerobic conditions, is a metabolic pathway that takes placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis inside all living cells. Glycolysis breaks sugar molecules glucose, a 6 carbon atom, and fructose into two pyruvate molecules, that contains 3 carbon atoms in each molecule. A difference exists during the combustion of carbohydrate molecule that can occur anaerobically while this is not true for the other two macronutrients. The transformation of glucose into pyruvate happens in 10 different stages. Each stage has a different enzyme to catalyse 10 different sugar molecules. In the first 5 stages, called preparatory phase, two molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule are used to provide energy to drive the reaction. At the start of last five stages known as pay off phase 2 NAD+ and GAPDH enzyme turn the NAD+ into a NADH molecule by pulling off a hydrogen molecule from GAPDH, two H+ are also produced at this stage. At the end of the stages two NADH are given and four ATP molecules are given from ADP plus P1. The resulted pyruvate proceeds to mitochondria from cytosol to lose two carbon dioxide molecules and change to two carbon acetyl group that joins with coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA before it enters the citric acid cycle. Triglycerides, main form of fat, are oxidised in order to break them into smaller units such as fatty acid and glycerol inside the cytoplasm. Fatty acids are activated in cytoplasm before they enter cytosol, a same medium for glucose to citric acid. The activation must be done before the oxidation of fatty acid begins. During the activation, fatty acids change to fatty acyl CoA and ATP turns into AMP. Glycerol is transmitted to the glycolysis while the fatty acids are oxidised through beta-oxidation inside the mitochondria. There are four main enzymes located in mitochondria, therefore a series of four stages occur that convert acyl CoA to acetyl CoA. Two molecules of carbon from an acyl CoA is shortened at each stage to create a molecule of acetyl CoA and a molecule of NADH and FADH2. The resulted acetyl CoA is passed to the citric acid cycle and NADH plus FADH is entered into the electron transport chain. Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Although carbohydrates and proteins hold a similar structure but there is still a difference among their structure. Carbohydrates are made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen while protein has an addition of nitrogen and sulfur. Nitrogen is responsible for the creation of essential amino acids. There are all together 20 essential amino acids that build all body cells in animals. Body cell metabolise amino acids into fats or glycogen if excessive proteins are consumed in human diet. The breakdown of proteins to amino acids through digestion opens the path to energy metabolism of proteins. If amino acids are used to generate energy it must be done through deamination process where amino acids are broken into their constituent parts. Vitamin B6 associate with its enzyme in transamination cause nitrogen to transfer to a kito acid causing amino acid to lose its nitrogen and amino group. Ammonia is synthesised when amino acid in transformed to L glutamate through transamination process. Ammonia produces urea that travels through the blood to the kidney and excreted in urine. Now that urea is removed from the process the carbon skeleton of amino acids can be used in different ways i.e. for protein synthesis or ATP formation. Carbon skeleton can also be stored, mainly in livers, as glucose by gluconeogenesis. This starts by converting carbon skeleton into acetyl CoA so that the coenzyme can be transmitted to the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA is oxidised to generate ATP. Gluconeogenesis (a metabolic pathway) aims to form glucose from using non carbohydrate carbon substrate including glycerol, glycogenic amino acid. The resulted glucose can be converted to glucose 6 phosphates from phosphoenolpyruvate. The end product is pyruvate; notice the end product of glucose in glycolysis is same. The process requires energy in order to provide energy during starvation in fasting or extreme exercise. Citric acid cycle (also known as Kerb’s cycle) is a chain of eight reaction taking place in mitochondria. It is true for each macronutrient to go through this chain of cycle and the oxidation on all of the acetyl CoA carbons entered from different nutrients is similar. This is an important stage as most of the energy produced in mitochondria happens after this cycle is completed to produce molecule carrying electrons. The carbon present in acetyl CoA is fully oxidised to a COÂ ­2 molecule during this reaction. Acetyl CoA filters its two carbon molecules to critic acid cycle and a reaction between acetyl and oxaloacetate produce citrate in the first chain of the cycle. Activated carrier molecules are generated from the oxidation of citrate molecules. Every cycle generates 3 NADH molecules, 1 GTP molecule and 1 FADH2 molecule. Two molecules of COÂ ­2 are given off as waste. The NADH and FADH2 molecules carry hydrogen and electrons which then proceeds to an oxidative phosphoryl ation process. The oxidative phosphorylation provides most of the energy in the whole system. The cycle does not require oxygen to carry out the process but the oxidisation of pyruvate requires oxygen. Hence the cycle works under the aerobic condition. The next and final step occurs along an electron transport chain in the mitochondrion inner membrane. The electron transport chain structure in four different proteins consists of five complexes. The high energy electrons from reduced electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are bombarded to the electron transport chain where the electron moves from an electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor. These electrons are added to the NADH and FADH2 molecules in the citric acid cycle. The electrons from NADH enters complex I where it’s oxidised back to NAD+. Therefore one electron is captured and joins a proton to form a Hydrogen atom and one electron is lost during NADH losses its hydrogen. The electron from the hydrogen carries onto next stage while the proton moves back the inner membrane after the production of FMN to FMNH2. The electron in last complex embeds to the molecules of O2 gas and combines to two H+ to produce water H2O. While the electrons travel through these four complexes and provides enough energy to pump H+ ions (protons) outside the inner membrane. The concentration gradient of H+ is gained due to the movement of these protons. This gradient stores energy that is sufficient for the production of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation where the electron is in its lowest form of energy therefore all the energy from the food molecules are oxidised to synthesis enormous amount of ATP. There are approximately 30 molecules of ATP gained after the complete oxidation per molecule of glucose or fatty acids or amino acids to H2O and CO2. Complete combustion of proteins also produces NH3 as waste products. Conclusion As the essay reaches its conclusion we can suggest that these macronutrients follow a similar pathway to generate ATP. Although the means of getting to the citric acid cycle for each macronutrient is different i.e. fat must be activated before it enters cytosol whereas protein goes through deamination process, not true for either glucose or fat. Also the function of glucose and protein is quiet different glucose only provide energy to the cells but proteins can participate in protein synthesis to formation of enzymes and carry important materials through the body etc. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th edition, Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2002. How to cite Explain how the body obtains energy from fat, carbohydrates and proteins, Essay examples

Enterprise Resource Planning Of Literature â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Enterprise Resource Planning Of Literature? Answer: Introduction: The working of the Real tech Organization is the development of the new IT system. They are working in the direction to provide best customer service support to the users. The organization is divided into several departments which are sales and marketing department, financial department, RD department, IT, Human resources, and management department (Raj, 2012). The information system deployed in the working curriculum of the organization is inefficient in handling the functioning of the different department. Now the owner of the company wants to transform the tradition information system with the ERP system. In this paper we are looking forward to identify the types of ERP applications which can help in improving the operational capability of the enterprise. The purpose of this paper is to provide an ERP software application which is best suitable for the organization with the explanation of its features. The implementation of the ERP system within the working curriculum of the organ ization helps in streamlining the business operation and processes to synergize the utilization of the resources (Jain, 2010). The types of ERP application software are listed below: SAP R/3: This is the most suitable ERP software used for transforming the business operation and processes. LN/BaaN: This software helps in increasing the productivity of the organization by having better control on the underlying processes. Microsoft Dynamics Ax 2009: It provides efficient services to the retailers, suppliers, and wholeseller. Microsoft Dynamic NAV: This software works on improving the functionality of the finance department, supply chain management system, customer relationship management system, and others. Difference is shown in the table below: SAP R/3 LN/BaaN Microsoft Dynamics Ax 2009 Microsoft Dynamic NAV It helps in improving the business operational capability by providing better services and support The areas which are covered are productivity of the user, increasing the efficiency of the operational processes, controlling of operations, and enhancing communication The better services can be provided to the suppliers, retailers, distributors, and whole seller It is capable of managing supply chain and customer relationship management program. It is suitable for large organization It is suitable for manufacturing companies It is suitable for larger and medium sized organization which works on multiple sites or countries It is suitable for small and medium sized organization Proposal of ERP software application: From the above discussion and literature review, we have concluded that the SAP R/3 is the most suitable ERP application software which can be used by the Real Tech Organization to transform their business operation to provide better services to the customers. Features of the proposed ERP software application: The SAP R/3 software is capable of simplifying the processing of complex business transaction and reducing and distributing the work load among the different unit of the project. It helps in improving the operational capability of the organization. The implementation of the SAP R/3 ERP system within the working curriculum of the organization helps in streamlining the business operation and processes to synergize the utilization of the resources. The scalability of the enterprise can be enhanced. It is the versatile software which can efficiently work in the different department of the real tech organization. Transition of the organization with the new system The Real tech organization makes use of SAP R/3 application software for transforming their business tactics and operational processes. The financial accounting system of the organization can be improved by providing accuracy in the management of budget, investment, distribution of services, sales, and human resources. It helps in satisfying the requirement of the business by providing the common platform to the different department of the organization such as sales and marketing department, financial department, RD department, IT, Human resources, and management department (Wilson, 2010). The client server architecture is supported by the SAP R/3 application which is capable of handling database packages for warehousing, finance, supplier, customers, sales, marketing, human resource, and others. The implementation of the SAP R/3 program helps the organization to improve its planning processes. The interruption and risks associated with the processes can be reduced and minimized. The cost of the material used can be estimated with the procurement protocols. It helps in monitoring the sales and customer relationship program for enhancing the workflow of the enterprise. The administrative cost of the enterprise can be reduced to a high extent with the deployment of the new technologies (Mashari, 2014). The global integration of all the departments can be possible on the common platform. The real time information about the activities performed by the different departments can be easily retrieved. The knowledge and expertise system helps in improving the operational capability of the present architecture. Integration of ERP with different Departments: Marketing and sales department: The implementation of SAP R/3 helps in managing the automation in the sale and marketing department. The processes of multi-channels marketing are streamlined with it. (Kelly, 2009). The monitoring of the real time sales and marketing can be efficiently done. Within the moment of second the required information can be accessed with the use of ERP system. The relationship can be effectively maintained with the customers. The ordering of the products and services can be effectively done with the SAP R/3 system. The database is prepared for the sales and marketing transactions. The unique number is generated to the sale order process. The customer can choose multiple payment modes according to their comfort. Supply chain management system: The ERP system helps in maintaining the balance between the supply and demand of the resources which solves the problem of storage and waste. The integration of SAP R/3 with the different department of the organization helps in handling the availability of the resources (Moon, 2007). It plays a vital role in handling operational cost and reducing overhead expenditure. It is capable of managing flow of material, required information, information related to finance, and others. The efficiency of the entire system can be efficiently managed with the tracking of the orders and optimization the inventory management program. Accounting and finance system: SAP R/3 is the most suitable ERP by managing the information related to the development of the general ledger, investment management schemes, integration of the transactions, material management program, distribution and sales department, and human resource department (Mishra, 2013). It helps in analysing the profit ratio of the enterprise. It divides the accounting system into four blocks which are classified as audit block, vendor block, receiving block, and manual block. The financial accounting system of the organization can be improved by providing accuracy in the management of budget, investment, distribution of services, sales, and human resources. The management of these blocks helps in providing accurate information for the accounting and finance department (Srinivasan, 2016). The applicability of the ERP application helps in reducing the operational cost by removing the redundant processes. The stability in the performance can be improved with the consistency in the response time. Human resource management system: The SAP R/3 ERP system plays a vital role in managing the data related with employees and man power. It focuses on aligning the activities associated with the arrangement of training and development program, payroll management, recruitment and appraisal, promotion, performance measurement for incentives, and others (Mandal, 2013). The different activities which are performed by the ERP system in managing human resources are categorised as master plan for human resource management, administration of employees and their salary, time management plan, training and development program, and others. The complexity in handling the human resource can be resolved with the implementation of SAP R/3 system. Conclusion By analysing the given scenario, it is recommended for the real tech organization to implement SAP R/3 ERP system because It helps in analysing the profit ratio of the enterprise. The implementation of the SAP R/3 program helps the organization to improve its planning processes. The interruption and risks associated with the processes can be reduced and minimized. References: Jain, B. (2010).ERP SAP R/3 overview. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/seekbuntyjain/erp-sap-r3-overview-introduction Kelly, J. (2009).SAP R / 3 Functionality overview. Retrieved from https://www-bcf.usc.edu/~anthonyb/itp321/r3func.pdf Mandal, P. (2013).Application of SAP R/3 in on-line inventory control. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222519314_Application_of_SAP_R3_in_on-line_inventory_control Mashari, M. (2014).Implementing ERP through SAP R/3. Retrieved from https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1319157802800027/1-s2.0-S1319157802800027-main.pdf?_tid=2bdfe212-9d3d-11e7-82bb-00000aacb361acdnat=1505827351_1d4e3b07b7df6049efe1478c693b53a3 Mishra, A. (2013).Achieving business management benefit from ERP system. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alok_Mishra5/publication/259486796_Achieving_Business_Benefits_from_ERP_Systems/links/0a85e52d58aab1485d000000/Achieving-Business-Benefits-from-ERP-Systems.pdf Moon, Y. (2007).Enterprise resource planning: A review of the literature. Retrieved from https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007context=maesei-redir=1referer=https://www.google.co.in/url%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3DResearch%2520paper%2520pdf%2520on%2520%2520ERP%2520application%2520software%26source%3Dweb%26 cd%3D4%26cad%3Drja%26uact%3D8%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi16KWaq7HWAhUjSo8KHY7_DyUQFgguMAM%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fsurface.syr.edu%2 52Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1007%2526context%253Dmae%26usg%3DAFQjCNGtnrUZXm20CgqSPGoaFSBEVvzqXA#search=%22Research%2 0paper%20pdf%20ERP%20application%20software%22 Raj, A. (2012).Role of ERP software in an Organization. Retrieved from https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/2939/role-of-erp-software-in-an-organization?page=1 Srinivasan, M. (2016).Role of ERP in supply chain management. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/role-erp-supply-chain-management-mohanapriya-srinivasan Wilson, C. (2010).Introduction to the enterprise resource planning and SAP. Retrieved from https://einstein.etsu.edu/~pittares/podcast/slides/Spring2010/03--Introduction%20to%20Enterprise%20Resource%20Planning%20Systems%20and%20SAP--student%20version.pdf

Justice Essays (5562 words) - Dialogues Of Plato, Socratic Dialogues

Justice ABSTRACT: This paper has a two-fold task. First, I show that there are three types of individuals associated with the Thrasymachean view of society: (a) the many, i.e., the ruled or those exploited individuals who are just and obey the laws of the society; (b) the tyrant or ruler who sets down laws in the society in order to exploit the many for personal advantage; (c) the stronger individual (kreittoon) or member of the society who is detached from the many and aspires to become the tyrant. Second, I argue that if Thrasymachuss account of the perfectly unjust life of the tyrant is to be more than a theoretical ideal, then the stronger individual who aspires to the tyrants position would do well to lead a double lifenamely, pursuing private injustice while maintaining the public appearance of justice. My interpretation accords with that of Glaucon, noted at the beginning of Republic II. I want to extend Glaucons interpretation to include the stronger individual as well. I argue that the standpoint of the stronger individual, as distinct from the standpoints of the tyrant and the many, shows Thrasymachuss three statements regarding justice to be consistent with one another. I. In the beginning of Republic II, during a conversation with Socrates and Adeimantus about which individual is deemed happier, the one who is just or the one who is unjust, Glaucon states: For the extreme of injustice is to seem to be just when one is not. So the perfectly unjust man must be given the most perfect injustice, and nothing must be taken away; he must be allowed to do the greatest injustices while having provided himself with the greatest reputation for justice. And if, he should trip up in anything, he has the power to set himself aright; if any of his unjust deeds should come to light, he is capable both of speaking persuasively and of using force, to the extent that force is needed, since he is courageous and strong and since he has provided for friends and money. (361a-b)(1) I believe that Glaucon has captured the essence of the Thrasymachean position concerning the best way for the unjust individual to live. The one who pursues the life of injustice must at the same time be courageous and crafty, strong and shrewd, power-driven and persuasive. But most importantly, the unjust individual must be dastardly and deceptive. This deception is captured by Glaucon when he states that the perfectly unjust man must seem to be just. Appearances and reputations played a central role in the fifth century b.c.e. Greek polis and so it makes sense that Glaucon would cast light upon the idea of an individuals pursuit of the unjust life while providing for the greatest reputation for justice.(2) Such an individual leads a kind of double life and therefore has a double duty to perform in seeming to be just while actually being unjust. These comments regarding Glaucons view of the perfectly unjust individual hint at the purpose of this discussion. This paper has a three-fold task. First, I will show that there are three types of individuals associated with the Thrasymachean view of society: a) the many, i.e., the ruled or those exploited individuals who are just and obey the laws of the society; b) the tyrant or ruler who sets down laws in the society to exploit the many for personal advantage; c) the stronger individual (kreitton) or member of the society who detaches from the many and aspires to become the tyrant. Most commentaries dealing with Thrasymachus position give the tyrant and the many central roles in the discussion of justice and injustice.(3) My view draws out the role of the stronger individual in Thrasymachus account in order to show the activities associated with the genesis of the tyrant from the society. The stronger individual, in seeking the life of injustice, naturally detaches from the many and aspires to develop into the perfectly unjust tyrant. In the third section of this paper I shall argue that if Thrasymachus account of the perfectly unjust life of the tyrant is to be more than a theoretical ideal, then the stronger individual who aspires to become the tyrant would do well to lead a double

Shutting Down Napster is Not The Solution essays

Shutting Down Napster is Not The Solution essays Shutting Down Napster is Not the Solution Almost everyone has heard of Napster and its long debated issues of file swapping and sharing. Considering Napsters short-lived existence of about a year and a half, they have certainly opened many peoples eyes. Some say the file swapping that Napster allows everyone to do is illegal; others says its just another thing to do on the internet. Napster has done much good for the internet, adding one more good thing that the internet can do for us. Napster has raised several intense controversial issues in the music industry of copyright infringement laws. Although shutting down Napster is not the solution; some agreement between the plaintiffs and Napster should come about. Napster is a medium for trading and/or swapping of music files over the internet. Napster has about 20 million users worldwide (Grimaldi Online). This phenomenon called Napster has taking the entire internet by storm. Just think all Napster is, is a program designed by a nineteen-year-old kid, a college dropout. Who would have thought that it would cause so much excitement in the music industry (Online)? Napster has allowed millions of people to be able to share their music over the internet. In these millions of people trading and swapping music, there have been claims of illegal acts being committed by the Napster users. The creator of Napster was summoned to court, on copyright infringement violations. Lars Ulrich, drummer for Metallic, brought on this lawsuit; Lars was very upset to find out the people were trading their music with out them, Metallica, getting paid. This upset Lars and sent him on a rally to get Napster shutdown. With all this commotion Napsters creator and designer was dragged into court to face copyright infringement lawsuits. In Napsters defense, they claim that they are not committing any illegal acts, just by letting its members sh...

Summary of the three ethical theories that are most central in Research Paper

Summary of the three ethical theories that are most central in philosophic ethics today - Research Paper Example One renowned deontologist is Immanuel Kant who has proposed that those actions should be considered as moral for which the reason for conducting an action was that the performer of the action is ready to accept the same action being considered against him in the same situation or in any other situation. This reason has been regarded as the maxim by the theorist. According to the principle of virtue ethics an act is considered as ethical or virtuous if and only if the person carrying out that act complies with the standards of honesty as well as righteousness (trinity.edu, 2014). Virtue ethics emphasizes upon the significant characteristics of an individual who can be regarded as a good human being. The theory of ethics of virtue has proposed the position that a person who can be regarded as good in nature is an individual who complied with various principles of

Phonetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Phonetics - Essay Example Tools is not a good gift sorry (word order) tools are not a good gift because it probably means that the guy have to work and his not working (um) unless he some sort of physicist or mechanic tools probably not a good gift. Opera tickets is not a good gift I don't guys like opera. Silver cuffling(k)s is romantic and is a good gift. A picture of her is again a good gift I think is romantic. Race car driving lessons is a good gift because guys love sports. A book from the best seller list is not a good gift because I don't think guys like reading that much. An electric razor is very unromantic and is not a good gift is also means that guys probably don't shave. White socks is not a good gift. A sweater is probably a good gift again shows that the women cares for the man. Once upon a time there was a man Mr. Smith everything seemed to be good in his life. But he was feeling loneliness and one day he realized the missing part of his life was a women. He took a brush and paint and he painted on his car "wanted;" a wife he put his address below. Several days later later he got letters and one of them was particularly exciting this was a letter from a lady who had a daughter, a son, and a dog. Mr. Smith called to the lady they met and they made serious relationships. Thus Mr. Smith removed the advertisement from his car. And finally Mr. Smith got married to the lady. Analysis of the speeches of Bis... It has been observed that they sound strange and even rude sometimes. It is a glaring problem that they cannot produce the correct sounds of many vowel-sounds especially the [I], [], []. For the consonants sounds, both have problems in producing the correct sound of th transcribe. It is observable that they prolong that instead of producing the retroflex [r] they produce the trilled [r]. Aside from the difficulty in the approximation of sounds, the two students have been diagnosed to be problematic in their intonation, assimilation of sounds, pitch, stressing, and rhythm. Dimitry for instance has so much unnecessary pauses. This lesson plan then shall be intended for them to be familiarized with the vowel sounds. It is prepared in such a manner that they will find the difference of pronouncing isolated words from the words in context. Drill will be given as it is the best way for them to learn and to master the skills. One Hour Lesson LESSON 1: THE VOWEL SOUNDS (should be read and pronounced by the teacher correctly with Dimitry and Bisun repeating after the teacher) [i] High tense front Extended unrounding of lips (smiling position) feelings "feelings, nothing more than feelings" keep "keep smiling, keep shining" believe "I won't ever leave as long as you believe" she "She's the girl I really want" need "I need your love" [I] Lower-High lax front Natural unrounding of the lips; slight opening of the mouth miss, kiss "Boy I miss your kisses" this, is "all the time what this is" minutes "25 minutes too late" still, hear "still I can hear the words" Monday, "You can kiss me on a Monday" [] Low tense front Natural unrounding of lips' low bunching of the

Are Americans really free Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Are Americans really free - Essay Example Historically, the USA is considered the birthplace of democracy, and which is important - democracy is an inborn feature of the American nation. The founding fathers of the Constitution of the United States can by no means be called the creators of our freedom - in fact, it already existed in the minds and, which is more important, lives of the colonists. Taking into account all the above said, it seems irrelevant to even question the fact that the Americans are really free yes, things are not so unambiguous in the modern society, and there are phenomena and facts that certainly limit our freedom. In this report, we will concentrate upon the problem of the USA as a panoptic society and the way it limits personal freedom. At the end of the 20th century (1975), a French philosopher Michel Foucault wrote a book Surveiller et punir (Disciple and punish) that gave a historical account of European prison, and the ideas contained in this book have become the basis for the new philosophy. The reason why we have to talk about Foucault's work is because the philosopher was the one who gave a new birth to the term "panopticum" that was first used by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century to describe a prison allowing to constantly observe the prisoners, and which is more, ever since Foucault's book was released, the modern society began to be regarded as "panoptic" by some researchers. Foucault shows, in effect, how the system of surveillance first practiced in nineteenth-century prisons - those 'complete and austere institutions', as Baltard called them - has increasingly spread throughout modern Westernized societies. This dynamic is terminologically reflected in the shift from what Jrgen Habermas originally called the 'structural transformation of public space' to what he came to call the 'colonization of the life-world'. Colonization has returned home, equipped with appropriate technology. A new, and no less 'peculiar', Apparatus is central to Foucault's account: Bentham's Panopticum. (The Lesser Evil 2003, p. 55) Whereas M. Foucault begins from describing a prison, he finally reaches the conclusion that practically all social institutions are panoptic by their nature - i.e. hospital's wards, school or university's classes, etc. In a panopticum, "[a]n individual is an object of information, but is never a subject of communication". (Foucault 1999, pp. 292) Hence, since panopticum is meant to keep people from communicating, it is a way to suppress their freedom. As Foucault has it: "If there are criminals in the cells, there is no danger of a plot,.. if there are ill people-there is no danger of spreading infection. If there are insane people - there will be no risk of mutual violence; if these are schoolchildren - they will never be able to cheat; if workers are kept there-there are none of the pleasures which can keep them away from work". (Foucault 1999, pp. 293-294) For the French philosopher, panopticum is not only a certain particular organisation - it is, in fact, a principle, a mechanism that acts in the society and serves as means of suppressing individualism, controlling people, turning them into a crowd, forcing onto them some particular type of behaviour - all in all, limiting their

External And Internal Determinants Of Capital Structure Finance Essay

External And Internal Determinants Of Capital Structure Finance Essay 1: Introduction 1.0 Introduction The literature on capital structure theory has made significant progress after the trend setting publications of Modigliani and Miller in1958. After the publication of Modigliani and Miller research work, various researchers have developed theoretical models based on the balancing of tax effect and inefficient distribution of information. Recently, there are many models that focus on the relationship between product and market or the effect of a particular ownership structure on the capital financing decisions of a firm (Bhaduri 2002). These models have been developed pertaining to many different sectors of economy such as manufacturing by Long and Malitz (1985) and Titman and Wessels (1988). Miller and Modigliani (1966) tested these models in the context of power generating and electric companies, while Jensen and Langemeier (1996) have focused on the agricultural firms. Among the noteworthy models proposed by researchers, the static trade off theory carries the primary importance. Modigliani and Miller (1958) contended that the static trade off theory is based on the assumption of friction and information-wise perfect markets. They also proposed the irrelevance theorem which implies that the financing decisions of firms have nothing to do with the value of organisation and their cost of financing. Titman and Wessels (1988), Rajan and Zingales (1995) and Graham (1996) have conducted their empirical research to investigate the important determinants of capital structure proposed in the theoretical models by finance commentators. In the majority of research, they found that firms decisions to achieve the target capital structure are spontaneous. In the imperfect market, these target ratios are not instantaneous and incomplete while in perfect market, these financial decisions are perfect and spontaneous. It means that firms try to adjust their optimal capital structure spontaneously as the cost of capital varies in the market. Marsh (1982), Jalilvand and Harris (1984) found that the main impediments in the way of adjusting capital structure are the adjustments and transaction cost associated to market imperfections. These imperfections arise due to the inefficiencies in financial market such asymmetric distribution of information and transaction cost etc. These researchers have found that the firms financial decisions usually taken in a two step process. Marsh (1982) and Jalilvand and Harris (1984) explained that in the first step, a firm decide its target capital structure and in the next phase, it strives to attain that target. Spies (1974), Taggart (1977), Jalilvand and Harris (1984) and Ozkan (2001) stated that financial behaviour of a firm can be best described by the partial adjustment model. In this partial target adjustment model, it is assumed that a firm adjusts to the target capital structure spontaneously. One common attribute in the research is that the capital structure of a firm varies with the change in industry type. Even after the efforts of numerous researchers, no single universally accepted capital structure theory exists. There are also a comparatively small number of empirical researches conducted up till now on this topic. One possible reason for the small number of empirical research is the intangible and conceptual nature of determinants proposed by the authors (Titman and Wessels 1988). However, the available empirical research has focused on certain factors such as the size of firms; profitability and volatility of earnings before interest, tax and depreciations etc. These determinants came out after the studies conducted in the developed countries such as the United States (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK). After the integration of markets, it is becoming increasingly more important to study these markets to test the validity of these determinants. Because of the confl icting ideas pertaining to the financial behaviour of firms, it is important to have practical research based on theoretical foundations to establish a valid capital structure determinant model. 1.1 Objective This research paper will endeavour to determine the factors which serve as an impetuous for changing the capital structure of firms across the different industries operating in the United States of America (USA). The main objective of this research will be achieved investigating the relationship between following determinants; Capital structure and profitability Capital structure and tangibility Capital structure and economic growth of the country Capital structure and rate of inflation Another objective is to find and evaluate the impact of internal forces which play an important role in changing the capital structure of a firm. Literature Review: 2.0 Introduction This chapter attempts to establish the theoretical foundation of determinants of capital structure. First of all, the effect of different industry types on the capital structure has been given. Then the different capital structure theories have been described. After that, all the possible external and internal determinates of capital structure has been discussed. Lastly, the latest development in the macro and micro environment, which have significant bearing on the capital structure of a film, are discussed 2.1 External and Internal Determinants of Capital Structure In this time of financial distress, where many companies are facing impending bankruptcy because of the liquidity crunch and mismanagement of resources, it is imperative for financial managers to use the optimal mix of debt and equity in order to drive down the cost of capital and thereby increasing the profitability of their firms. Another impetuous for using optimal mix is that the financial analysts, investment houses, common stock buyers and bond rating bureaus usually compare the financial leverage of a firm with industry average figures before taking investment decisions (Moyer et al. 2009). Hence, it is in the very interest of a firm to decide its optimal capital structure in order to make its financial health more conducive to further investment by yielding handsome returns (DeAngelo and Masulis 1980). As per definition, capital structure of a firm is the mix of the total long and short term debt plus the total amount of equity (both preferred and common) which is raised by a company to finance its total capital requirements (Investopedia 2009). According to Brigham and Ehrhardt (2001), there are many internal and external factors which a financial manager has to be mindful of before chalking out business plans and policies. Similarly, decisions of capital structure are the outcome of many internal and external variables (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). External variables consist of many macroeconomic factors such Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, inflation, interest rates and tax policies etc (Besley and Brigham 2007). GDP is the accumulated market worth of finished goods and services produced within the boundaries of a country during a particular period of time, usually one year (Investopedia 2010). Nominal GDP (inflation not adjusted) should not be confused with real GDP (inflation adjusted) as the increase in nominal GDP (merely increase in prices) doesnt mean that country has made more money during a certain period (Investopedia 2010). Inflation means the rate of increase in the prices of goods and services over a period of time, usually measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and GDP deflator (a ratio of nominal and real GDP) (Investopedia 2010). Some other important variables of macro economy are the economic growth, budget deficit and poverty. These macroeconomic factors indicate the aggregate economic performance of an economy (Investopedia 2009). As these macroeconomic factors are the result of many sub factors which collectively make a very complex economic system (Campbell, McConnell and Brue 2008). These factors, by nature, are out of the control of a firms manager so he/she cannot influence the determinants. They instead have to adjust the proportion of debt and equity according to their respective costs. Some other important external variables which affect a specific capital structure are the taxation, profitability, the interest expense, the effect of agency cost and the level of business risk faced by the company (Moyer, McGuigan and Kretlow 2009). Besides these external variables, there are many internal factors which a business manager has to consider before selecting a particular mix of debt and equity. These internal variables can be the industry specific variables such as the effect of seasonal levels of sales or these can be the internal to the firms such as the style and attitude of management. Entrepreneurial organisations, for example, have the tendency of taking bolder and riskier business decisions as compared to bureaucratic ones which shows more risk-averse behaviour. Among the most prominent internal variables are the level of profitability, degree of risk appetite of business managers and the tangibility of fixed assets etc. 2.2 Effect of industry type on the capital structure of a firm There are a lot of variations in the capital structure of firms across the different industries all over the world (Scott and Martin 1975). Capital structure of firms varies with the change in type of industries and even within the same industries (S. Titman 1984). It is evident from the Table 1 that the firms which are operating in the drugs and industrial machinery sector do not use a large amount of debt as compared to firms which are in the retail and utilities business (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). Some possible reasons are the uncertainties inherent in the research projects carried out by these firms or the chances of product liability law suits (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). Due to the low level of debt financing, these firms are also experiencing low level of financial distress (i.e. the times interest earned ratios are high) as compared to the other sectors as shown in table 1 (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). However, the firms which belong to the utilities sector usually rely heavily on debt financing which is evident from their common equity ratio as shown in table 1 (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). The major portion of total debt comprises of long term debt which they usually raise by issuing securities and mortgage bonds against their huge fixed assets (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). Another rational behind this phenomenon is the stable sales figures as compared to the other firms which have volatile sales (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). This factor enables these types of firms to use more debt financing because they can easily forecast the expected level of future sales and can have an optimal business risk (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). 2.3 Theoretical Foundations of Capital Structure Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (famous as MM) (1958) are pioneers, having studied the impact of internal and external determinants on the capital structure of an organisation (cited in Bhaduri 2002). In the years since, there has been a large volume of research by many researchers to determine the individual effect of these environmental factors on the capital structure of a firm in different countries of the world (Al-Najjar and Taylor, 2008). Modigliani and Miller proposed that in a supposed no-competition world, the value of a firm is independent of its capital structure (cited in Bhaduri, 2002). Further they also assumed that their theory is valid under the assumptions of perfect competition, no taxation cost, not transaction cost. They also stated that the productivity of firms is not dependent on mode of financing (cited in Bhaduri, 2002). In the above mentioned scenario, internally generated sources of funds are almost the perfect substitute of external funds (Bhaduri, 20 02). Hence, companies are indifferent to the sources of financing. After the publication of their work, researchers have found some imperfections such as Kim (1978) introduced the idea of bankruptcy cost. The idea of facility of tax shield was introduced by DeAngelo and Masulis (1980) and the agency cost by Jensen and Meckling (1976). All these researchers agreed that the optimal capital structure is the most realistic solution to the capital structure dilemma faced by the todays firms. As the cost and benefits of leverage changes from one industry to the other, many previous researchers are of the opinion that industry must have significant impact on the capital structure of firms (Scott and Martin 1975). Every firm tries to chase the average industry ratios (Tucker and Stoja, 2007). Ang (1976) said that firms can only have an optimal gearing ratio rather an ideal universal ratio for all in the real world scenario. Remmers et al. (1974) agreed with the Ang (1976) by stating the gea ring ratio of firms varies with industries. They also said that firms that belong to the same industries face same environmental conditions which lead them toward common earning and sales patterns (Remmers, Wright and Beekhuisen 1974). Scott (1972) and Scott and Martin (1975) said that most of the firms tries to choose the gearing ratio that is appropriate to their risk/return profile and their inherent business risks. Antoniou et al. (2002) found that the UK, German and French firms continuously adjust their debt ratios according to the target ratio, but at their own rates which is contingent to whether they belong to the manufacturing or services sector. Bradley, Jarrel and Kim (1984) said that the agency cost and bankruptcy cost are just the partial determinants of leverage. It means that these factors also have impact on the capital structure of firm but in a less likely fashion. Many researchers endeavoured to tackle the issue of optimal capital structure (Bhaduri 2002). All these works have collectively contributed in the development of financial theory (Bhaduri 2002). In spite of all these efforts, there is no one comprehensive solution to the capital structure dilemma (Titman 1984). Moreover there have been very little practical evidence regarding determinants of capital structure till recently (Harris and Raviv 1991).The main reason behind this limited number of empirical research evidence on this topic is the abstract nature of determinant such as size of firms, their growth rates, intensity of capital, gross profits, volatility of future sales and free cash flows and the impact of taxation on changes in the capital structure of a firm (Harris and Raviv 1991). Another important issue is pertaining to the geographical locations that most of the available research works have focused on the United States of America (USA) market (Bhaduri 2002). Less economically developed countries (LEDCs) lag behind due to the neglected role of the private sector in the economic development of country and the limited sources of funds for the companies belonging to the LEDCs (Bhaduri 2002). 2.4 Main Factors Influencing the Capital Structure of a Firm The chief determinants of capital structure are the attributes and factors that have very significant impact on the leverage ratio of a firm. The following is the detail of the most relevant determinants of capital structure of a company. Asset Structure According to the agency cost and asymmetric information theories, the composition of tangible assets owned by a company greatly affects its capital structure (Jensen and Solberg 1992). Agency cost theory states that shareholders of a firm, which has high proportion of debt in its capital structure, have the intention to invest sub-optimally (Galai and Masulis 1976; Jensen, Solberg and Zorn 1992). A positive relationship has also been found between the collateralisable assets and debt structure of a firm. Another factor is the over consumption habit of business managers which ultimately reduces the value of a firm (Bhaduri 2002). Financial Distress If a firm is using a huge amount of debt and it has to pay heavy payments periodically, there is very high probability that it will go bankrupt in the case of falling revenues or future free cash flows (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). This implies that the firms, which are having volatile sales figures, usually use less debt financing in order to avoid probable financial distress (Ensen and Meckling 1976). Fear of bankruptcy forbade the firms to rely heavily on the debt financing (Bhaduri, 2002). Non-Debt Tax Shield DeAngelo and Masulis (1980) said that one of the firms objectives of using debt financing, is to avail the benefit of a tax shield because interest expense reduces the taxable income of a firm. So the firms which have a large non-debt tax shield are likely to use less debt financing. Size There are is large number of evidences that the firms which are large in size and well diversified are less likely to experience financial distress (Demsetz and Lehn 1985, Remmers, Wright and Beekhuisen 1974). This encouraged them to use relatively large amount of debt financing (Warner 1977; Ang and McConnell 1982). Age The age of firm is also a very pertinent factor that influences the firms decision about having a specific of capital structure (Scott 1972). Young firms are more intended to use debt financing because of the high appetite for risk taking and limited amount of information at hand (Scott 1972). So they find borrowing from banks a cheaper and convenient way as compared to use equity financing. Growth Fast growing firms experience a higher cost of agency problem as compared to the firms which not growing very fast. Bhaduri (2002) said that fast growing firms have more chances of adjustments in the coming years. Hence there is a negative correlation between the longer term debt and the future growth of a firm. Myers (1977) said that the short term debt is the remedy to this problem. By doing this, fast growing firms dont need to enter into long term debt contrast and can easily adjust their capital structure according to the requirements of growth and financial conditions (S. Myers 1977). Profitability If managers of a company are not capable and credible enough to convince venture capitalists to lend capital, they will preferentially rely on the internal sources of revenue (e.g. retained earnings) (Myers and Majluf 1984). Myers and Majluf (1984) noted that profitable firms usually have more money as retimed earning in order to invest in the growth projects. Hence there must be negative relationship between debt proportion and historical profitability of the company (Myers and Majluf 1984). Uniqueness It is found that the firms which are producing unique kind of products usually have low leverage ratio (Bhaduri 2002, Antoniou, Guney and Paudyal 2002). These firms face great difficulty in borrowing debt from the financial institutions because in case of liquidation, their assets cant be used for some other substitute purposes (Auerbach 1985). Industry effect It is one of the most important variables that affect the capital structure of firms (Harris and Raviv 1991). The companies which belong to those industries where there is greater degree of uncertainty in the research projects and expected future sales, they rely less on debt financing (Remmers, Wright and Beekhuisen 1974). Contrary to this, the firms which have more level of certainty in their future cash flows and huge amount of fixed assets, they intended towards more debt financing (Remmers, Wright and Beekhuisen 1974). Maksimovic and Zechner (1991) said that the diversity of technologies used by firms is also the key determinant of using their capital structure. They argued that the firms which are using multiple technologies have the facility of sourcing capital from various sources of financing (Maksimovic and Zechner 1991). Where these firms can raise their funds from multiple sources, they can also reduce their risk by spreading over the wide range of technologies (Maksimovi c and Zechner 1991). 2.5 Most Important Capital Structure Theories 2.5.1 Static trade-off theory This theory of capital structure assumes that company should pursue a financing mix where tax shield advantage should be equal to the interest rate expense, keeping the other factors constant such as credit crunch and probability of bankruptcy costs (Jensen and Meckling 1976). This theory mainly deals with the pros and cons of issuing fixed asset securities like debt (S. Myers 1977). It assumes that there exists an optimal point under which the value of the firm is maximized. This optimal point is achieved by balancing the benefits and cost of issuing more debt (Myers 2001). One of the main advantages of issuing more debt is to take the benefit of tax deductable. This simple benefit can be more complicated when manages and owners have to pay personal tax and the issue of an absence of tax shield (Myers 2001). Debt financing also reduces the chances of agency conflict (Maksimovic and Zechner 1991). The rational is that the use of debt reduces the amount of free cash flows at the dispo sal of managers and there reducing the chances of conflict between managers and shareholders (Jensen and Meckling 1976). 2.5.2 The Trade-Off Theory of Capital Structure The basic idea behind this theory is that a firm normally conducts the cost-benefits analysis before taking any decision regarding its capital structure (Tucker and Stoja 2007). It means that company will just rule out the possibility of convenience in this important financial aspect as stated by the pecking order theory (Jensen and Meckling 1976). In spite of criticism by Miller (who called it a comparison of horse and rabbit), the advanced dynamic model of this theory is very robust and practical (Tucker and Stoja 2007). 2.5.3 Pecking order theory The pecking order theory talks about the cost of asymmetric information (Myers and Majluf, 1984). It says that firms choose their sources of financing according to the rule of least effort or least resistance (Myers and Majluf 1984). This implies that the firms will choose the equity financing as a financing mode of last resort (Myers and Majluf 1984). According to this theory, firms will prefer debt financing as long as it is feasible and when it is no longer possible, then they will opt for equity financing (Myers and Majluf 1984). 2.6 Capital Structure and Financial Risk The Financial risk of a firm is the risk associated with a lack of a sufficient amount of future free cash flows in order to meet its short term obligations (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). In other words, financial risk also increases as the use of fixed income securities increases like preferred stock increases in the total financing of the firm (Harris and Raviv 1991). Brigham Ehrhardt (2001) asserted that as the amount of debt increases in the overall mix of capital structure, the degree of financial leverage increases. Financial leverage means that the total amount of debt that is used in the capital structure of a firm (Harris and Raviv 1991). Another related concept is that of operating leverage which means that the portion of fixed cost used in the total cost of production of a particular product or range of products (Moyer, McGuigan and Kretlow 2009). Investors are very much concerned about the financial risk of firms because this is the kind of additional risk which they have to bear because of debt financing besides equity, in the firms total capital structure (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). It is the main objective before the financial managers to design the capital structure so that the value of the firm is maximized and at the same time mitigate the risk at hand (Harris and Raviv 1991). To gauge the financial risk of a firm, Times Interest Earned (TIE) ratio carries special importance in the eyes of these investors (Besley and Brigham 2007). Times interest ratio is of immense importance to analyse the true interest cost coverage ability of a firm (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). TIE depends upon three important factors: the amount of debt in the total capital structure, the cost of debt and the profitability of the firm (Haugen 1995). Usually the industries which are less leveraged such as Drugs and electronics etc. have a very high TIE ratio (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). However, the firms which are in the business of retailing or utilities which rely more on debt financing, have low interest coverage ratios (see table1) (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001).There are also variations in the capital structure of individual firms operating in the same industry due to the different attitude of managers and their particular risk/return profiles (S. Myers 1977). The firms where manger s are more aggressive and have high risk appetite usually use more debt financing than those firms where managers are risk-averse (Hull 2008). The tools used to find the optimal capital structure are EBIT/EPS Analysis and EPS indifference Analysis (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). 2.6.1 EBIT/EPS Analysis Earnings Per Share (EPS) of a firm vary with changes in the amount of debt in the capital structure of a firm (Warner 1977). Theoretically, as the amount of debt increases in the capital structure, the financial risk increases (Warner 1977). Because of this high financial risk, investment houses change higher interest rates for the further debt which ultimate increases the cost of capital for a firm (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). Surely extra amount of financial leverage increases the capability of a firm to earn higher earnings per share in the coming years (Jensen and Solberg 1992). Brigham Ehrhardt (2001), however, suggested that EBIT/EPS ratio should range from 0 to 5%. To find the exact point in this range, financial managers have to conduct an EPS indifference analysis. 2.6.2 EPS indifference analysis The purpose of this analysis is to find out the point where a firm is insouciant as to whether it uses debt or equity for the same ratio of EPS (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). Brigham and Ehrhardt (2001) found that a firm will report higher EPS at a low level of sales and firm is using the more equity than debt. On the other hand, an organization will experience faster increase in EPS with the increase in sales if a firm is using more debt than equity (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). The point worth noting is that if business managers are confident about a certain level of sales of their firm, they should go for debt financing and vice versa (Besley and Brigham 2007). Financial risk of a firm is usually measured by interest coverage ratio, fixed charge coverage ratio and longer debt ratios (Moyer, McGuigan and Kretlow 2009). These ratios are usually compared with industry average ratios to gauge the true financial health of a firm (Moyer, McGuigan and Kretlow 2009). These ratios are also compared to the previous years ratio of the same firm to determine the trend of firms performance over a period of time (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2001). The Financial risk of a firm depends upon a number of factors such as financial leverage, Operating leverage, expected future free cash flows and so on. Because of the intense competition and uncertainty in the market, it becomes essential for the finance executives of companies to manage the risk of their organisations by either diversification, adopting an optimal capital structure, or using the sophisticated derivative securities (Hull 2008). An optimal capital structure is to arrange the financial structure of the firm in such a way that minimises the weighted-average cost of capital and thereby maximises the value of the firms stock (DeAngelo and Masulis 1980). The dilemma here is that when a firm is trying to maximise its EPS by increasing the amount of debt, its financial risk also increases at the same time (DeAngelo and Masulis 1980). On the other hand, if a firm tries to minimise its financial distress, it has to reduce its financial leverage which ultimately hurts the EPS of the firm (Bhaduri 2002). Hence there arises the need of an optimal financial structure which increases the EPS of a firm and reduces its overall finan cial distress simultaneously (Bhaduri 2002). This choice of the optimal capital structure depends upon a number of factors such as the size of firm, its growth rate, cash flow projections and product and industry characteristics. (Bhaduri 2002). There is a school of thought advocating that derivatives are the most useful tool to hedge financial risks at the firms level (Jalilvand, Tang and Switzer 2000). Yet there is another group who believe that there are some alternative (i.e. using less debt financing) as compared to the typical hedging techniques available which can be used to reduce the financial risk at corporate level (Berkman, Bradbury and Magan 1997). From these studies, it is evident that managing the financial risk of firms is very important for firms in order to be competitive in the market place. Some companies have made internal risk management policies as part of their corporate business strategy (Maksimovic and Zechner 1991). Smith and Stulz (1985) commented on the goal of risk management in these words: The primary goal of risk management is to eliminate the probability of costly lower-tail outcomes those that would cause financial distress or make a company unable to carry out its investment strategy(p. 3 95). It is clear from the words of Smith and Stulz (1985) that the main goal of companies is to manage risk by either means. During the last decade, there has been a lot of research on the impact of industry in deciding the capital structure of firms (Booth, et al. 2001). Booth et al. (2001) studied whether the factors affecting the capital structure of firms are country specific or not. For this purpose, their study focussed on ten developing countries: India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Zimbabwe, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Jordan and Korea. They reported that: In general, debt ratios in developing countries seem to be affected in the same way and by the same types of variables that are significant in developed countries. However, there are systematic differences in the way these ratios are affected by country factors, such as GDP growth rates, inflation rates and development of capital market (Booth et al. 2001 p. 118). The institutional owners who hold large amount of shares of a firm also play a very significant role in deciding the capital structure of these firms (Al-Najjar and Taylor 2008). As these owners have the right to elect the board of directors, they can influence the mangers of their firms to adopt specific risk management policies and finance capital in a certain and specific manner (Al-Najjar and Taylor 2008). 2.7 Financial market Dysfunction In developing countries, banks and other financial institutions are main sources that provide liquidity to the economic system by advancing credit to the films (Demsetz and Lehn 1985). In repressed financial system, banks provide short and medium term loans to the young and established entrepreneurs; while big and developed financial institution provide long term loans to the big corporation (Kester 1986). These loans are mostly given to the particular sectors of national economies such as agriculture and transport and housing (Antoniou, Guney and Paudyal 2002). Governments used to influence these commercial institutions to favour certain sectors and advance soft credit to the small industry (Leech 1987). Regularity agencies mostly restrict the banks from advancing credit to certain limits (DeAngelo and Masulis 1980). Antoniou, Guney and Paudyal (2002) said that the limitation on the financial institutions by the authorities result in the form of credit rationing. Another hu

The Anglican Liturgy Essay -- Religion/Spirituality

â€Å"†¦the Prayer Book is not only a manual of public devotions, it contains the fullest statement of the teaching of the Church†. This understanding of the prayer book as the dominant treatise of Anglican belief is central to this essays argument that the Episcopal Book of Common Prayer (1979), and particularly its rite of Baptism, has fundamentally shifted Anglican thinking and liturgical practice in relation to Eucharist and ministry. We will explore this argument by first clarifying what is said in the Book of Common Prayer (1979), especially within its preface to the rite of Baptism, comparing this to the Book of Common Prayer 1662, to elicit differences and subtle nuances within the theology expressed. The consequences of these changes in relation to Eucharistic practice and invitation will then be explored, particularly the way in which confirmation is understood in the new schema. Following this, we will seek to understand the impact that this has had upon t he Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia and how it has affected our Anglican Identity liturgically and ecclesiologically, especially in regards to ministry. Finally, we will offer a small critique of the liturgical understanding of Baptism as full initiation to the Eucharistic table, drawing upon biblical images and Church teaching to pose questions of whether this is appropriate. ‘Holy Baptism is full initiation by water and the Holy Spirit into Christ’s body the Church’. These few words are the initiatory comments in the Book of Common Prayer (1979) concerning the rite of Baptism and the purpose of the service. Within them lies an understanding that, while possibly implicit, in previous Prayerbooks had not been made clear, or was deliberate... ...can Style. July 10, 2010. http://anglocatholic.net/2010/07/10/communion-anglican-style/ (accessed May 14, 2012). The Church of England. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church according to the use of The Church of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1662. The Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. A New Zealand Prayer Book/He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa. Auckland: Collins, 1989. The Episcopal Church. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church : together with the Psalter or Psalms of David according to the use of the Episcopal Church. New York, NY: Church Hymnal Group & Seabury Press, 1979. White, James F. Introduction to Christian Worship. 3rd Edition. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2000.

Andy Warhol

AP Studio Art 28 September 2013 Revolutionized Artist Andy Warhol was an American artist during the sass and was a leading figure in pop art. He was an artist that revolutionized society with his art during that time. His art encompassed many forms of media including hand drawing, painting, photography and music. Andy Warhol became the symbol of a movement which made the arts easily available to and understandable for the public, thereby causing a change in the culture of America during the ass's and ass's. Acknowledging all of these factual evidence, it is unquestionable that anyone would disagree upon Andy Warhol being an artist.Through his series with common images, celebrities and death, Warhol teaches us that surface images have a lot to say about pop culture. By exploring and learning more about the artist who opened so many doors in the art world, one can see why looking at the surface of his works often meant seeing and understanding so much more about the society in which we live. When considering the life and works of Andy Warhol, one thing is agreed upon: for good or bad, he changed the visual construction of the world we live in. By the time of his death in 1987 he was ranked on the same level with Pablo Picasso and JacksonPollock as one of the three most important artists of this century. He was a working man, a social climber, a person who liked to build things, an acquirer of goods, and a known homosexual. These attributes all contributed to the interesting and complicated nature of his art. Ands intention was to get us to look at the â€Å"art† that is all around us. For example, â€Å"Campbell Tomato Soup† (1962). Whorl's Campbell soup cans are arguably some of his most famous works. Warhol wanted us to look at the simple image of the can for what it represented to our culture.He challenged â€Å"old assigned† critics to overcome their ideas of art as complex and incomprehensible by using simple, common images. Whorl's sele ction of the soup can may be the most important part of the work he did with them. He wanted to display his view of America and to him eating Campbell soup represented being American. Andy makes up art with the common tomato soup we see at the grocery store. Andy Warhol is telling us that good, bad, or very bad, there is â€Å"art† everywhere and we take it for granted. Looking at his photos really makes us fell ignorant to art making us think, â€Å"How could I miss that? Leaving us with guilt and having no confidence to being artists. Although Andy was identified with Pop art and credited with its invention, this is a misunderstanding of his creative ability. Pop is much more complicated than it seems. In creating Pop art, one must create memorable images and awareness of the unpredictable forces in nature and society in whole. It is not simply the portrayal of popular icons but more of an expression of all that is familiar and accepted American society. Pop art also conta ins a serious sub-message that is not apparent at first sight.Warhol has many famous works spanning across distinct mediums, but arguably his most important works were his silkscreen based on photography and his revolutionary usage of the popular media as an artistic medium in itself; which he created through his carefully controlled public persona. Andy Warhol produced works that defied the popular notion of what art should be. Whorl's works were meant to be taken at face value, for nothing more than what they portrayed on the surface. While he stressed this superficial attitude about his art, his works were often the cause of debate and influenced public opinion like no other cultural figure inNorth America. Andy Warhol influenced – and still influences – many modern artists. He was influential not only with the unusual images he created, but also through his extensively publicized lifestyle and attitude. He redefined the role of the artist as a public persona, like a rock star. He was able to clamoring the ordinary. After Warhol, art is no longer seen as exclusively â€Å"high† art. Glorifying Campbell Soup cans and Coke bottles was a fundamentally democratic gesture. Andy Warhol was a great artist who made art accessible for many.The popularity of contemporary art today is to mom extent due to his achievements and I believe that most importantly Warhol taught us that the artist is in reality, the art. Despite of popular belief, the tomato soup pictures were not his ideas; Andy needed new ideas to help boost his creativity. He got several ideas from a woman named Muriel Lotto; a gallery owner he knew. She advised him to paint what he loved most (like money) or what everybody would recognize (soup cans and coke bottles). Andy expanded on these ideas and his paintings of the early ass's reflected his progress as a Pop artist.He finally gained the financial success and international AMA he had longed for. This proves that art is not an ide a, it is how you exemplify that idea to be original and creative. I find it simple at first glance but the majority of his work has quite a vast and deep meaning to it once the viewer takes a moment to really look at it for example the â€Å"famous boxes of Brills pads† (1968) , as first glance it is a well taken and quirky image of a pretty mundane item, however with artistic analysis and deeper thought the ideas of mortification and consumerism seep through the image.Warhol also creates photograph collages and screen-prints of his self-portrait within his portfolio. This is a postmodern artistic medium as instead of allowing the media and public to create an opinion of him, he is taking that license and liberty away from them by creating these images himself, as if to force-feed the media before they get a chance to create a per-conceived opinion. He wanted to portray a creative image of himself, which stands out from everyone else; and he certainly has achieved this in mel low' (1968) self-portrait.Andy Warhol brought forward society's obsession with mass culture and allowed it to become the subject of art itself. Using many techniques such as isolation, repetition and color placement, Warhol brought o the world of art his views on materialism, politics, economics and the media. Some people dispute that Whorl's work isn't original, and it isn't actually creating anything ‘new and that it is simply cheating and copying the basics of an already famous image.In contrast, others believe that he is indeed creating a new work of art as it is taking traditional high art and changing the message of it in to something modern. Warhol appreciated and admired the original and did not intend to take ‘credit' for this creation, he was simply expressing his artistic license to enhance the ark further and in his own way. Ironically, Andy Warhol, a man who fantasized about simply vanishing upon death, a man who expressed so much desire to become a machine, became amortized through the media.Andy Whorl's choice of visual technologies ultimately allowed him to convey the ideas of fame and repetition through literal example. Warhol even turned his life as a whole into a musing on fame, mass-production and the culture of 20th century America. In the end, it is ironic that the very man who coined the phrase ‘1 5 minutes of fame,' received so much more than his share. Andy warhol Maria Virgins Art Fundamentals Andy Warhol Born Andrew Warhol on August 6, 1928 in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Andy Whorl's parent's were Slovakian immigrants. His father, Indore Warhol, was a construction worker and his mother, Julia Warhol, was an embroiderer. They were devout Catholics who attended mass regularly, and maintained much of their Slovakian culture and heritage. At the age of 8, Warhol was diagnosed with Chorea a rare and sometimes fatal disease of the nervous system that left him sick for several months.It was during these months, while Warhol was sick in bed, that his mother, herself a skillful artist, gave him his first drawing lessons. He passed away on February 22, 1987. Warhol attended Holmes Elementary school and took the free art classes offered at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh. Warhol began at Sciences High School, and upon graduating, in 1945, he enrolled at the Carnegie Institute for Technology to study pictorial design. When he graduated wi th his bachelors in art he moved to new York. s portrait † untitled from Marilyn Monroe† is basically Just a picture of Marilyn Monroe. Marilyn is an example of the successful evolution of Whorl's goal of erasing signs of the artist's hand from the production process. † brills boxes†Warhol presented the viewer with exact replicas of commonly used products found in homes and supermarkets. † self portrait†Whorl's self portraits that he created throughout his career reveal an underlying theme of performance. By using repetitive images, each slightly different to the next, Warhol produces the illusion of movement.Andy Warhol was a strange man and that was his gift that brought us a new way of looking at the things, people, the world. He took ordinary things that we were so used to that we didn't really notice them and from his unusual perspective made them new and interesting and art. His mother influenced him to become an artist because when he contr acted his condition she was the one who taught him how to draw when he was bed sick. The first painting of Marilyn Monroe, made me feel like it was true about how when she first had passed away everyone was devastated.They cried they were sad. He was very successful communicating his message. The second painting of Brills Boxes, it honestly Just looks like carriages. Its nasty and I don't know why supermarkets would ever have them. He did succeed delivering his message. The last painting of himself, his self portrait was kind of creepy. He may think of himself in a different way but in my perspective I didn't like that painting Andy Warhol Whorl's Flowers, 1967, silkscreen on synthetic polymer paint on canvas, is included in the exhibition. Flowers were quite an inspiration for Warhol time and again. â€Å"Flowers in art and culture have been ubiquitous since the beginning of recorded art history,† says Smith. â€Å"The floral theme wasn't any more exhausted when Warhol was doing it than when 17th-century Dutch painters or the Impressionists were. But Warhol was sly; he was always playing with traditional art historical themes† (Frey). Andy Warhol, 1925-1987, was an American painter, printmaker, and filmmaker.Warhol is famous for art that defied all standard definitions of ‘art'. He was well known for mass-producing the hallmarks of his work. He called his studio The Factory and insisted on the appropriateness of others producing his work, for which he used mainly photographs, often news photographs, which he printed in multiples by the silk screening process. Silk screening is a method of printing on a porous fabric, the portion of the design to be reproduced is left unblocked on the screen; than the screen is placed above the surface to be printed on, than the paint, or dye, is forced through the screen.Warhol appropriated most of his images and repeated these images numerous times; Warhol had a fascination with repetition, perhaps created by our compulsion to find an exception or rogue element in the composition. â€Å"Warhol was relentlessly detached, cool, and superficial: ‘If you want to know all about Andy Warhol Just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. There is nothing behind it,' he said† (Frazier 709). â€Å"The reason I'm painting this way is that I want to be a machine, and I feel that whatever I do and do machine-like is what I want to do.I like boring things. I like things to be exactly the same over and over again. Eve been quoted a lot as saying, ‘l like boring things. ‘ Well, I said it and I meant it. But that doesn't mean I'm not bored by them. Of course, what I think is boring must not be the same as what other people think is, since I could never stand to watch all the most popular action shows on TV, because they're essentially the same plots and the same shots and the same cuts over and over again. Apparently, most people love watching the same basic thing, as long as the details are different.But I'm Just the opposite: if I'm going to sit ND watch the same thing I saw the night before, I don't want it to be essentially the same?I want it to be exactly the same. Because the more you look at the same exact thing, the more the meaning goes away, and the better and emptier you feel† (Stiles 340). Andy Warhol had a legendary and lucrative artistic career from the early sass through 1986; some early key works are included in landmark series such as Campbell Soup, Marilyn, Jackie, Mao, Elvis, Flowers, Disaster, and Self-portraits.Flower's is considered to be one of Whorl's most significant of his later works. Employing mass-production techniques to create works, Warhol erased traditional distinctions between fine art and popular culture, subtly blurring the boundaries of mass art and high culture with his striking appropriations. His choice of subjects tapped into important themes: power, fame, and tragedy. With an unerring eye for iconic images, from common objects to celebrities and disasters, Warhol produced a lasting oeuvre that captured the essence of American culture† (Traditional Fine Art Online).Warhol believed in painting everyday ‘boring objects, but what do boring objects eve to do with Pop Art? Roy Liechtenstein was once asked what Pop Art was, â€Å"the use of commercial art as a subject matter in painting, I suppose. It was hard to get a painting that was despicable enough so that no one would hang it?everybody was hanging everything. It was almost acceptable to hang a dripping paint rag, everybody was accustomed to this. Th e one thing everyone hated was commercial art; apparently they didn't hate that enough either† (Stiles 337). For example, Coke was one of these objects that Warhol produced quite a bit.Coke is something that very American can relate too, and this is what made Warhol enjoy painting the product so much. â€Å"What's great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca-Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coke, Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and Just think, you can drink Coke, too. A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good. Liz